Question 1

Which subdivision of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is responsible for transmitting impulses that increase heart rate during a stressful situation?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic division

Question 2

Which type of neuroglia controls the extracellular fluid environment around neuron cell bodies in the central nervous system (CNS)?

Accepted Answer

Microglia

Question 3

During a burn injury, which structural and functional type of neuron is activated first?

Accepted Answer

Unipolar sensory neuron

Question 4

Which equation best represents the resting membrane potential ($$V_{m}) of a $$neuron, considering the relative permeability of sodium ($$Na^+) $$and potassium ($$K^+) $$ions?

Accepted Answer

$$V_{m} = \frac{RT}{F} \ln \left( \frac{P_{K^+}[K^+]_{out} + P_{Na^+}[Na^+]_{out}}{P_{K^+}[K^+]_{in} + P_{Na^+}[Na^+]_{in}} \right)$$

Question 5

A graded potential is generated in a neuron. Which factor determines the magnitude of this graded potential?

Accepted Answer

The strength of the stimulus

Question 6

During an action potential, which event occurs immediately after depolarization?

Accepted Answer

Repolarization

Question 7

Which ions flow through chemically gated channels to generate inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)?

Accepted Answer

$$Cl^-$$

Question 8

Which brain region is primarily responsible for visual and auditory reflexes?

Accepted Answer

Midbrain

Question 9

Which structure separates the primary motor area from the primary somatosensory area in the cerebral cortex?

Accepted Answer

Central sulcus

Question 10

A patient suffers a transient ischemic attack (TIA). Which feature distinguishes a TIA from a stroke?

Accepted Answer

TIA symptoms resolve within 24 hours

Question 11

Which cranial nerve is incorrectly matched with its function?

Accepted Answer

Oculomotor nerve (III) – hearing

Question 12

Which structure contains only autonomic motor fibers?

Accepted Answer

White ramus communicans

Question 13

Which equation best describes the relationship between stimulus strength and the magnitude of a graded potential?

Accepted Answer

$$V_{graded} = k \cdot S$$

Question 14

Which division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is characterized by long preganglionic fibers and short postganglionic fibers?

Accepted Answer

Parasympathetic division

Question 15

Which receptor type generates responses to neurotransmitter binding that are always excitatory?

Accepted Answer

Nicotinic receptors

Question 16

Beta blockers are commonly prescribed for hypertension. What is their primary mechanism of action?

Accepted Answer

They block beta-adrenergic receptors, reducing sympathetic activity

Question 17

Which brain structure is the main integration center for autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamus

Question 18

Which pathway carries motor instructions for posture and muscle tone?

Accepted Answer

Extrapyramidal (reticulospinal, vestibulospinal) tracts

Question 19

Which type of receptor is located in muscles and tendons and is responsible for detecting changes in body position?

Accepted Answer

Proprioceptor

Question 20

Which neurotransmitter is released by all preganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

BIO 231 Nervous System Exam 4 Study Guide – Step-by-Step Guidance

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