Question 1

Which of the following best describes the concept of homeostasis in human physiology?

Accepted Answer

The process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions.

Question 2

A patient presents with muscle weakness and abnormal nerve conduction. Which organelle is most likely malfunctioning, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria; production of ATP for cellular energy.

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between stimulus intensity and action potential frequency in a neuron?

Accepted Answer

$f = k 	imes I$

Question 4

During a laboratory experiment, a student observes that water moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration across a cell membrane. What process is being observed?

Accepted Answer

Diffusion

Question 5

Which tissue type is primarily responsible for rapid communication and integration of body functions?

Accepted Answer

Nervous tissue

Question 6

A patient with hyperthyroidism exhibits increased metabolic rate, sweating, and weight loss. Which endocrine gland is most likely overactive?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid gland

Question 7

Which of the following best explains the role of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

Accepted Answer

It actively transports $3$ Na$^+$ ions out and $2$ K$^+$ ions into the cell, creating an electrochemical gradient.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a function of epithelial tissue?

Accepted Answer

Contraction to produce movement

Question 9

A person touches a hot stove and immediately withdraws their hand. Which part of the nervous system is primarily responsible for this reflex action?

Accepted Answer

Spinal cord

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the process of synaptic transmission?

Accepted Answer

Neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.

Question 11

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of body mass index (BMI)?

Accepted Answer

$BMI = \frac{weight\ (kg)}{height^2\ (m^2)}$

Question 12

Which of the following is a primary function of the skeletal system?

Accepted Answer

Support and protection of internal organs

Question 13

A patient is unable to maintain stable blood glucose levels. Which organ system is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine system

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the process of differentiation in human cells?

Accepted Answer

The process by which unspecialized cells become specialized for specific functions.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the generation of an action potential?

Accepted Answer

Resting potential $\rightarrow$ depolarization $\rightarrow$ repolarization $\rightarrow$ refractory period

Question 16

A patient with Addison's disease has low levels of cortisol. Which physiological effect is most likely observed?

Accepted Answer

Impaired stress response and low blood glucose

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of involuntary processes such as heart rate and digestion

Question 18

Which of the following best explains the role of negative feedback in maintaining homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

It counteracts changes in the internal environment to restore balance.

Question 19

A patient is experiencing rapid heart rate, dilated pupils, and increased blood pressure after a stressful event. Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic division

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of neurotransmitters at a synapse?

Accepted Answer

They transmit signals from one neuron to another by binding to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.

BIO 2331 Anatomy and Physiology I: Syllabus and Core Concepts Study Guide

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