Question 1

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for peptide hormones such as insulin?

Accepted Answer

They bind to cell surface receptors and activate second messenger systems such as $$cAMP.$$

Question 2

A patient presents with excessive urination and dehydration. Laboratory tests reveal low levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Which endocrine gland is most likely malfunctioning?

Accepted Answer

Posterior pituitary

Question 3

Which of the following best explains the difference between up-regulation and down-regulation of hormone receptors?

Accepted Answer

Up-regulation increases the number of receptors in response to low hormone levels, while down-regulation decreases them in response to high hormone levels.

Question 4

A patient with Grave's disease is likely to have which of the following symptoms due to excessive thyroxine ($$T_4) $$production?

Accepted Answer

Weight loss, heat intolerance, and tachycardia

Question 5

Which hormone is released in response to low blood calcium levels, and what is its primary action?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); stimulates osteoclast activity to release calcium from bone

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the difference between plasma and serum?

Accepted Answer

Plasma contains clotting factors, while serum does not.

Question 7

A patient with a hematocrit of 65% is most likely suffering from which condition?

Accepted Answer

Polycythemia

Question 8

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

Question 9

A woman with blood type $$O^- is $$pregnant with a fetus who is $$A^+. $$What is the risk to the fetus if the mother is exposed to fetal blood, and what is the underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Risk of erythroblastosis fetalis due to maternal anti-Rh antibodies crossing the placenta.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of albumin in blood?

Accepted Answer

It is the main contributor to blood osmotic pressure and helps maintain blood volume.

Question 11

Which leukocyte is most abundant in normal blood and is primarily responsible for phagocytosis of bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil

Question 12

Which of the following is a granulocyte and plays a major role in allergic reactions?

Accepted Answer

Basophil

Question 13

Which hormone is produced in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone; increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys

Question 14

A patient with a deficiency in vitamin B12 is most likely to develop which type of anemia?

Accepted Answer

Pernicious anemia

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of the lymphatic system in relation to the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

It returns excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream and helps maintain blood volume.

Question 16

Which of the following is a characteristic of passive immunity?

Accepted Answer

It is acquired by receiving antibodies from another individual, such as through breast milk.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of MHC molecules in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

They present antigen fragments on cell surfaces for recognition by T cells.

Question 18

A patient develops a thrombus in a deep vein of the leg. If a piece breaks off and travels to the lungs, what is this called?

Accepted Answer

Embolus

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why a blockage in a lymphatic vessel can lead to edema?

Accepted Answer

Lymphatic vessels normally return excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream; blockage prevents this, causing fluid accumulation in tissues.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct pairing of hormone and its major disorder, including a key symptom?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol – Cushing's syndrome – muscle wasting

BIO211 Study Guide: Endocrine, Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune Systems

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