Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of homeostasis in the human body?

Accepted Answer

The body maintains a constant internal environment by responding to external changes through negative feedback mechanisms.

Question 2

Which equation correctly represents cardiac output ($$CO) in $$terms of heart rate ($$HR) $$and stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 3

A patient presents with hypocalcemia. Which hormone is most likely to be secreted in response to this condition, and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone; increases blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption.

Question 4

Which of the following best distinguishes tendons from ligaments?

Accepted Answer

Tendons connect muscle to bone, while ligaments connect bone to bone.

Question 5

Which of the following is a correct description of the function of erythropoietin?

Accepted Answer

It stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.

Question 6

During muscle contraction, which ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to initiate the process?

Accepted Answer

Calcium ($$Ca^{2+})$$

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of surfactant in the respiratory system?

Accepted Answer

It reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing their collapse during exhalation.

Question 8

A patient with Addison's disease is most likely to have a deficiency in which hormone?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 9

Which of the following statements about the autonomic nervous system is correct?

Accepted Answer

The sympathetic division prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses.

Question 10

Which process is responsible for the breakdown of glycogen into glucose in the liver?

Accepted Answer

Glycogenolysis

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the path of blood through the heart?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta

Question 12

Which formula correctly represents the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for calculating pH?

Accepted Answer

$$pH = pK_a + \log_{10} \left( \frac{[A^-]}{[HA]} \right)$$

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of plasma membrane proteins?

Accepted Answer

They facilitate transport of molecules, act as receptors, and provide structural support.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct description of the function of lymph nodes?

Accepted Answer

They filter lymph and provide sites for immune cell activation.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct statement about the process of bone growth?

Accepted Answer

Interstitial growth increases bone length, while appositional growth increases bone thickness.

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of the enzyme amylase in the digestive system?

Accepted Answer

It breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars.

Question 17

A patient with diabetes mellitus is unable to regulate which of the following processes?

Accepted Answer

Blood glucose homeostasis

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of arteries compared to veins?

Accepted Answer

Arteries carry blood away from the heart under high pressure; veins carry blood toward the heart under low pressure.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct description of the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

ADH increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts, reducing urine output.

BIOH 104 Final Exam Study Guide: Anatomy & Physiology Core Topics

Study Guide - Practice Questions