Question 1

A patient presents with a hematocrit of 65%. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this finding?

Accepted Answer

The patient has polycythemia, possibly due to chronic hypoxia or erythropoietin abuse.

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the role of the Frank-Starling Law in cardiac physiology?

Accepted Answer

It states that the stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood filling the heart (preload).

Question 3

A patient with type A negative (A-) blood receives a transfusion of type AB positive (AB+) blood. Which of the following is the most likely immediate consequence?

Accepted Answer

Agglutination will occur due to the presence of anti-B and anti-Rh antibodies in the recipient's plasma.

Question 4

Which of the following equations correctly relates cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), and heart rate (HR)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = SV 	imes HR$$

Question 5

A patient is exposed to a toxin that selectively destroys the intercalated discs in cardiac muscle. Which of the following would most likely result?

Accepted Answer

Decreased ability of the heart to conduct electrical impulses efficiently, leading to uncoordinated contractions.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the effect of aldosterone on the nephron?

Accepted Answer

It increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.

Question 7

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events during the inflammatory response?

Accepted Answer

Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, phagocyte migration, tissue repair

Question 8

A patient with metabolic acidosis is likely to exhibit which of the following compensatory responses?

Accepted Answer

Increased respiratory rate to expel CO$$_2$$

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why EpiPens (epinephrine auto-injectors) are used to treat anaphylactic shock?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine causes vasoconstriction and bronchodilation, counteracting the widespread vasodilation and bronchoconstriction of anaphylaxis.

Question 10

Which of the following equations correctly represents the reversible reaction for the transport of carbon dioxide in blood?

Accepted Answer

$$CO_2 + H_2O$$ \leftrightarrow H_2CO_3 \leftrightarrow H^+ + $$HCO_3$$^-$$

Question 11

Which of the following hormones is secreted in response to low blood calcium levels and acts to increase blood calcium?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the effect of a rightward shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

Accepted Answer

Hemoglobin has a decreased affinity for oxygen, facilitating oxygen unloading to tissues.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct calculation for mean arterial pressure (MAP) given a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 120 mmHg and a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 80 mmHg?

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = DBP + \frac{1}{3}(SBP - DBP)$$

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the process of gluconeogenesis?

Accepted Answer

The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors such as amino acids and glycerol.

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of the hepatic portal system?

Accepted Answer

It transports nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver for processing.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for steroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to intracellular receptors and directly influence gene transcription.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why a patient with diabetes insipidus produces large volumes of dilute urine?

Accepted Answer

There is a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to decreased water reabsorption in the collecting ducts.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of surfactant in the alveoli?

Accepted Answer

It reduces surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse during expiration.

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures that air passes through during inspiration, starting at the nares?

Accepted Answer

Nares → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveolar sacs

BIOH 211: Comprehensive Study Guide for Blood, Heart, Circulatory, Lymphatic, Immune, Respiratory, Endocrine, Digestive, Metabolic, Urinary, Fluid/Electrolyte, and Reproductive Systems

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards