Question 1

Which of the following best describes the extracellular matrix in cartilage tissue?

Accepted Answer

It consists of a gel-like substance with collagen and elastic fibers, allowing flexibility and resilience.

Question 2

Which bone cell type is responsible for bone resorption, and what is the main function of this process?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts; they break down bone matrix to release calcium into the bloodstream.

Question 3

A patient presents with abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. Which condition is most likely being described, and what is a common consequence if left untreated?

Accepted Answer

Scoliosis; compromised lung function due to thoracic compression.

Question 4

Which structural class of bone is exemplified by the patella, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Sesamoid bone; it increases the leverage of tendons and protects them from stress.

Question 5

During endochondral ossification, which sequence correctly describes the transformation of cell types?

Accepted Answer

Chondrocytes proliferate and die, followed by invasion of osteoblasts that form bone matrix.

Question 6

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating bone growth during childhood, and what is its mechanism of action?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone; it stimulates epiphyseal plate activity and chondrocyte proliferation.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the difference between compact bone and spongy bone?

Accepted Answer

Compact bone is dense and organized into osteons, while spongy bone consists of a network of trabeculae.

Question 8

Which joint type allows the greatest range of motion, and what is a classic example in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Ball-and-socket joint; shoulder

Question 9

A long bone is fractured at the metaphysis. Which structure is most likely to be affected, and what is its significance?

Accepted Answer

Epiphyseal plate; it is the site of longitudinal bone growth.

Question 10

Which of the following movements is defined as moving a limb away from the midline of the body?

Accepted Answer

Abduction

Question 11

Which muscle type is striated, voluntary, and responsible for major body movements?

Accepted Answer

Skeletal muscle

Question 12

After strenuous exercise, why does heavy breathing continue even after activity has stopped?

Accepted Answer

To replenish oxygen stores and remove lactic acid from muscle cells.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the sliding filament model of muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Actin filaments slide past myosin filaments, shortening the sarcomere.

Question 14

Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of force generated by a muscle, given cross-sectional area ($$A) $$and specific tension ($$T$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$F = A 	imes T$$

Question 15

Which type of muscle fiber relies most heavily on mitochondria, and why?

Accepted Answer

Slow oxidative fibers; because they use aerobic metabolism for sustained contractions.

Question 16

Which of the following correctly matches a skull suture with the bones it connects?

Accepted Answer

Lambdoid suture; connects the parietal and occipital bones.

Question 17

Which of the following is the smallest functional unit of the myofibril?

Accepted Answer

Sarcomere

Question 18

Which of the following bones is the strongest bone of the face?

Accepted Answer

Mandible

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why skeletal muscle cells have large glycogen stores?

Accepted Answer

To provide a rapid source of glucose for ATP production during intense activity.

Question 20

Which of the following is a function of intervertebral discs?

Accepted Answer

They absorb shock and permit flexibility between vertebrae.

BIOL 2113: Skeletal and Muscular Systems Study Guide

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