Q: Calculate the cardiac output ($$CO) $$for a patient with a heart rate ($$HR) of 75 $$beats per minute and a stroke volume ($$SV) of 70 mL $$per beat. Use the formula $$CO = HR \times SV.$$

$$CO = 75 \times 70 = 5250 mL/$$min

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for steroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

They directly enter target cells and bind to intracellular receptors, influencing gene expression.

Question 2

A patient presents with low blood calcium levels. Which hormone is most likely to be secreted in response, and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone; stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium from bone.

Question 3

Which hormone is antagonistic to aldosterone, and which organ secretes it?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP); heart

Question 4

Which hormone stimulates red blood cell production, and what triggers its release?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin; released in response to low oxygen levels in the kidneys

Question 5

A patient with blood type AB+ needs a transfusion. Which blood type is considered the universal donor, and why?

Accepted Answer

Type O-; it lacks A, B, and Rh antigens, minimizing risk of immune reaction

Question 6

During the cardiac cycle, which valves are open during ventricular systole?

Accepted Answer

Semilunar valves

Question 7

Calculate the cardiac output ($$CO) $$for a patient with a heart rate ($$HR) of 75 $$beats per minute and a stroke volume ($$SV) of 70 mL $$per beat. Use the formula $$CO = HR 	imes SV.$$

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 75 	imes 70 = 5250 mL/$$min

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricular wall is thicker than the right?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood to the systemic circuit, which requires higher pressure.

Question 9

Which hormone is released by the adrenal medulla in response to stress, and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine; increases heart rate and blood pressure

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of the spleen's red pulp?

Accepted Answer

Filtration and removal of old or damaged red blood cells

Question 11

Which process is essential for the body's defense against pathogens and involves the marking of microbes for phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Opsonization

Question 12

Which brain region is primarily responsible for regulating the rate and depth of respiration?

Accepted Answer

Medulla oblongata

Question 13

According to Boyle’s Law, what happens to the pressure of a gas if the volume of its container decreases, assuming temperature remains constant? Use the formula $$P_1$$ $$V_1$$ = $$P_2$$ $$V_2.$$

Accepted Answer

Pressure increases as volume decreases.

Question 14

Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down proteins in the stomach, and what is its substrate?

Accepted Answer

Pepsin; proteins

Question 15

Which hormone regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys, and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts

Question 16

A patient is experiencing metabolic acidosis due to uncontrolled diabetes. Which buffer system is most effective in maintaining blood pH, and what is the main equation involved?

Accepted Answer

Bicarbonate buffer system; $$CO_2 + H_2O$$ \leftrightarrow H_2CO_3 \leftrightarrow H^+ + $$HCO_3$$^-$$

Question 17

Which cation is most abundant in intracellular fluid (ICF), and which is most abundant in extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Accepted Answer

Potassium in ICF; sodium in ECF

Question 18

During meiosis, when does crossing over occur, and what is its significance?

Accepted Answer

Prophase I; increases genetic diversity

Question 19

Which sexually transmitted infection (STI) is caused by a virus?

Accepted Answer

Herpes simplex

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