Question 1

Mr. Hartsell, a 70-year-old man, had his thymus gland removed as a treatment for an autoimmune disease. Which of the following best predicts the effect of his thymectomy on T cell production?

Accepted Answer

His body will produce fewer mature T cells, leading to decreased adaptive immune responses.

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the difference between active and passive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Active immunity results from exposure to antigens and the subsequent production of antibodies, while passive immunity results from the transfer of antibodies from another source.

Question 3

Clark received a vaccine for measles, while Nicole contracted measles because she was not vaccinated. Which statement correctly identifies the type of immunity involved for Clark and explains why he benefited?

Accepted Answer

Clark received active immunity, which stimulated his immune system to produce memory cells and antibodies against measles.

Question 4

Which of the following best explains the role of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in T cell activation?

Accepted Answer

MHC molecules present processed antigens to T cells, allowing T cell recognition and activation.

Question 5

A patient receives an organ transplant. Which statement best explains the role of MHC molecules and HLA genes in organ transplant rejection?

Accepted Answer

Differences in MHC molecules and HLA genes between donor and recipient can trigger immune responses leading to organ rejection.

Question 6

Smoking impairs the protective features of the respiratory epithelium. Which of the following best describes how smoking affects the respiratory tract?

Accepted Answer

Smoking damages cilia and increases mucus production, reducing the ability to clear pathogens and debris.

Question 7

Premature infants often lack sufficient surfactant, leading to atelectasis. What is the primary function of surfactant in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Surfactant decreases surface tension in alveoli, preventing collapse and aiding pulmonary ventilation.

Question 8

Ms. Trejo uses a bronchodilator during an asthma attack. Which of the following best explains the effect of a bronchodilator on pulmonary ventilation?

Accepted Answer

Bronchodilators relax smooth muscle in the bronchi, increasing airway diameter and improving airflow.

Question 9

Which of the following best summarizes the influence of bile salts, cholecystokinin (CCK), and secretin on bile production and release?

Accepted Answer

Bile salts stimulate bile production, CCK triggers gallbladder contraction and bile release, and secretin stimulates bile secretion from the liver.

Question 10

Terry takes a proton-pump inhibitor to help his ulcer heal. Which of the following best predicts the effect of this drug on digestion in the stomach?

Accepted Answer

Proton-pump inhibitors decrease gastric acid secretion, reducing protein digestion and increasing risk of infection.

Question 11

A patient with a thymectomy is exposed to a viral infection. Which of the following best explains why their adaptive immune response may be compromised?

Accepted Answer

The thymus is required for T cell maturation, so fewer functional T cells are available to respond to the virus.

Question 12

Which equation best represents the relationship between airway resistance ($$R$$), airway radius ($$r$$), and airflow ($$Q) in $$the respiratory system?

Accepted Answer

$$R = \frac{8 \eta l}{\pi r^4$} $$

Question 13

A patient receives a vaccine containing inactivated virus particles. Which of the following best describes the immune response generated?

Accepted Answer

The patient develops active immunity by producing antibodies and memory cells against the virus.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why matching HLA genes is important in organ transplantation?

Accepted Answer

Matching HLA genes ensures the recipient's immune system recognizes the transplanted organ as self, reducing rejection risk.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the effect of a lack of surfactant on pulmonary ventilation in premature infants?

Accepted Answer

Lack of surfactant increases alveolar surface tension, causing alveoli to collapse and decreasing ventilation.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains how CCK and secretin regulate bile release during digestion?

Accepted Answer

CCK stimulates gallbladder contraction and bile release, while secretin stimulates bile production in the liver.

Question 17

A patient with asthma uses a bronchodilator. Which equation best represents the effect of increased airway radius ($$r) on $$airflow ($$Q$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$Q \propto r^4$ $$

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the effect of proton-pump inhibitors on the pH of the stomach?

Accepted Answer

Proton-pump inhibitors decrease gastric acid secretion, increasing stomach pH.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why smoking increases susceptibility to respiratory infections?

Accepted Answer

Smoking damages cilia and impairs mucus clearance, allowing pathogens to remain in the respiratory tract.

BIOL 236 Exam 6 Short Answer Study Guidance

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