Question 1

Which of the following best illustrates the principle of complementarity of structure and function in human anatomy?

Accepted Answer

The thin walls of alveoli in the lungs allow for efficient gas exchange.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing rapid breathing due to a panic attack. Which acid-base imbalance are they most at risk for, and why?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory alkalosis, because hyperventilation decreases $$[CO_2$]$$ and thus decreases $$[H^+].$$

Question 3

Which of the following is a correct description of the events in a negative feedback loop regulating blood glucose?

Accepted Answer

An increase in blood glucose stimulates insulin release, which lowers blood glucose back to normal.

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the difference between a strong acid and a weak acid?

Accepted Answer

A strong acid, such as $$HCl$$, completely dissociates in water, while a weak acid, such as $$H_2CO_3$$, only partially dissociates.

Question 5

A red blood cell is placed in a solution and begins to swell and eventually bursts. What type of solution was the cell placed in, and why?

Accepted Answer

A hypotonic solution, because water moves into the cell due to higher solute concentration inside.

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why energy conversions in the body are not 100% efficient?

Accepted Answer

Some energy is always lost as heat during conversions, according to the second law of thermodynamics.

Question 7

Which of the following is a function of the sodium-potassium pump ($$Na^+/K^+$$ ATPase) in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

It maintains the resting membrane potential by pumping $$3\ Na^+$$ out and $$2\ K^+ in$$, using ATP.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of the bicarbonate buffer system when a strong acid is added to the blood?

Accepted Answer

Bicarbonate ions ($$HCO_3$$^-$$) combine with H$$^+$$ to form carbonic acid (H_2CO_3$), minimizing pH change.

Question 9

Which of the following organelles is responsible for the synthesis of proteins that are exported from the cell?

Accepted Answer

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Question 10

A patient with severe diarrhea is at risk for which acid-base imbalance, and what is the physiological reason?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis, due to loss of bicarbonate ($$HCO_3$$^-$$) from the intestines.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the process of dehydration synthesis?

Accepted Answer

It joins two molecules by removing a water molecule ($$H_2O).$$

Question 12

Which of the following is true regarding the genetic code and the role of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

tRNA molecules bring specific amino acids to the ribosome by matching their anticodon to the mRNA codon.

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why water is an excellent solvent for ionic compounds?

Accepted Answer

Water is a polar molecule, so it can surround and separate ions such as $$Na^+$$ and $$Cl^-.$$

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of the glycocalyx on the cell surface?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a biological marker for cell recognition and communication.

Question 15

A solution has a pH of 5. What is the $$[H^+]$$ concentration, and is the solution acidic or basic?

Accepted Answer

$$[H^+] = 1 	imes 10$$^{-5}$$\ 	ext{M}$$; the solution is acidic.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of mitochondria in the cell?

Accepted Answer

They produce ATP through aerobic respiration, providing energy for cellular work.

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of a polar covalent molecule, and why?

Accepted Answer

Water ($$H_2O$$), because the electrons are shared unequally between oxygen and hydrogen.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of peroxisomes in the cell?

Accepted Answer

They detoxify harmful substances and break down fatty acids using enzymes like catalase.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the process of protein denaturation?

Accepted Answer

It is the loss of a protein's three-dimensional structure due to changes in pH or temperature, resulting in loss of function.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why a cell placed in a hypertonic solution shrinks?

Accepted Answer

Water moves out of the cell to the area of higher solute concentration, causing the cell to shrink.

BIOL 2401 A&P-1 Unit 1: Study Guide Notes

Study Guide - Practice Questions