ATP; $ATP \rightarrow ADP + P_i + \text{energy}$

Question 1

Which property of carbon makes it especially well-suited as the backbone of biological macromolecules?

Accepted Answer

It can form up to four covalent bonds, allowing for complex structures such as chains, rings, and branches.

Question 2

Which functional group is commonly found in amino acids and is responsible for their acidic properties?

Accepted Answer

Carboxyl group ($-COOH$)

Question 3

A dehydration synthesis reaction between two glucose molecules results in the formation of which disaccharide and what by-product?

Accepted Answer

Maltose and water ($C_{12}H_{22}O_{11} + H_2O$)

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fatty acids have only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.

Question 5

Which macromolecule is primarily responsible for catalyzing physiological reactions in the body?

Accepted Answer

Proteins (as enzymes)

Question 6

A patient is diagnosed with high levels of LDL and low levels of HDL. What is the most likely health risk associated with this lipid profile?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of cardiovascular disease due to 'bad cholesterol' (LDL)

Question 7

Which process breaks down polymers into monomers by the addition of water?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis

Question 8

Which level of protein structure is directly determined by the sequence of amino acids encoded by DNA?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Question 9

What is the main structural difference between phospholipids and triglycerides?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipids have two fatty acid tails and a phosphate group, while triglycerides have three fatty acid tails and no phosphate group.

Question 10

Which of the following is a polymer of glucose that serves as an energy storage molecule in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen

Question 11

During intense exercise, when oxygen supply is limited, which process allows ATP production to continue in muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

Anaerobic fermentation of pyruvate

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are highly specific for their substrates?

Accepted Answer

The active site of the enzyme has a unique shape that fits only specific substrates (lock and key model).

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Long-term energy storage

Question 14

Which nucleotide is the primary energy carrier in cells, and what is the equation for its hydrolysis?

Accepted Answer

ATP; $ATP ightarrow ADP + P_i + 	ext{energy}$

Question 15

Which of the following statements about cellulose is correct?

Accepted Answer

It is a structural polysaccharide in plants and is not digestible by humans.

Question 16

A protein loses its function after exposure to extreme heat. What is the most likely explanation for this?

Accepted Answer

Denaturation has occurred, altering the protein's conformation.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct description of a nucleotide found in nucleic acids?

Accepted Answer

A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of cofactors in enzyme activity?

Accepted Answer

Cofactors bind to enzymes and induce a conformational change that activates the active site.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct formula for a monosaccharide with six carbon atoms?

Accepted Answer

$C_6H_{12}O_6$

Question 20

Which type of RNA is responsible for carrying amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Chapter 2: Biological Macromolecules: Organic Compounds, Functional Groups, Polymers, and Reactions

Study Guide - Practice Questions