Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Produce ATP through aerobic respiration

Question 2

A patient is experiencing muscle weakness due to a lack of ATP. Which cellular organelle is most likely malfunctioning?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of negative feedback in human physiology?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of blood glucose by insulin

Question 4

Which equation correctly represents the breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + ATP$$

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are crucial for metabolism?

Accepted Answer

They lower the activation energy required for reactions

Question 6

A person is exposed to a cold environment. Which physiological response is an example of homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Shivering to generate heat

Question 7

Which of the following statements about prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is correct?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria, prokaryotic cells do not

Question 8

Which hormone is released by the posterior pituitary gland and is responsible for water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 9

A patient has a tumor in the adrenal cortex. Which hormone is most likely to be affected?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of the nephron in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

It filters blood and forms urine

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct sequence of structures through which air passes during inhalation?

Accepted Answer

Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Alveoli

Question 12

Which of the following best explains the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity provides immediate defense, adaptive immunity is slower but specific

Question 13

Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for the reabsorption of water and sodium?

Accepted Answer

Loop of Henle

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of the hypothalamus?

Accepted Answer

It regulates homeostasis and links the nervous and endocrine systems

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of positive feedback?

Accepted Answer

Release of oxytocin during childbirth

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of the alveoli in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

They are the site of gas exchange between air and blood

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the sympathetic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Dilates pupils and increases heart rate

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

Returns excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream and aids in immune defense

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about the structure and function of the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

It is selectively permeable, allowing certain substances to pass while blocking others

Question 20

A person is unable to produce insulin. Which organ is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Pancreas

Biology 109: Biology of the Human Organism – Final Exam Study Guide

Study Guide - Practice Questions