Question 1

Which of the following is a defining feature of organic biomolecules?

Accepted Answer

They contain covalently bonded carbon atoms.

Question 2

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Which part of an amino acid varies among different amino acids and determines their unique properties?

Accepted Answer

The variable side chain (R group)

Question 3

What type of bond connects the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another, forming a protein polymer?

Accepted Answer

Peptide bond

Question 4

Which statement best describes the relationship between protein sequence and function?

Accepted Answer

The sequence of amino acids determines the protein's folding, which in turn determines its function.

Question 5

A mutation changes a single amino acid in an enzyme's active site. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The enzyme's function may be altered or lost due to changes in its structure.

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why lipids form bilayers in biological membranes?

Accepted Answer

Their hydrophobic tails prevent water-soluble substances from passing through easily.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the cell?

Accepted Answer

Storing genetic information

Question 8

A cell is observed to have a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and linear chromosomes. What type of cell is this?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cell

Question 9

Which organelle is responsible for producing most of the cell's ATP through cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Question 10

During glycolysis, glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm. What is the net ATP gain from glycolysis per glucose molecule?

Accepted Answer

$2$

Question 11

Which process allows cells to generate ATP in the absence of oxygen?

Accepted Answer

Fermentation

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct description of the structure of a nucleotide?

Accepted Answer

A 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Question 13

Which base pairing occurs in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T)

Question 14

What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Sorting, modifying, and packaging products from the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 15

Which cellular structure is responsible for digesting substances imported from outside the cell and destroying old or defective cell parts?

Accepted Answer

Lysosome

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid cells, while meiosis produces up to four genetically unique haploid cells.

Question 17

During meiosis, genetic variation is introduced by which process?

Accepted Answer

Crossing over between homologous chromosomes

Question 18

A patient is diagnosed with Down syndrome. Which chromosomal abnormality is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Trisomy 21

Question 19

Which equation correctly represents the net reaction of cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6 + 6\mathrm{O}_2 ightarrow 6\mathrm{CO}_2 + 6\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} + 	ext{energy}$

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why cells must remain small in size?

Accepted Answer

To maintain a high surface area to volume ratio for efficient exchange of materials

Biomolecules and Proteins: Structure and Function in Anatomy & Physiology

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