Q: Which process is responsible for the formation of sucrose from glucose and fructose, and what is the chemical equation for this reaction?

Dehydration synthesis; $$\text{glucose} + \text{fructose} \rightarrow \text{sucrose} + \text{water}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the general formula for a monosaccharide, and what does the variable $$n$$ represent?

Accepted Answer

$$(CH_2O)_n$$, where $$n is $$the number of carbon atoms

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with a deficiency in the enzyme that breaks down lactose. Which type of carbohydrate is lactose, and why is it unable to pass through cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

Lactose is a disaccharide; it is too large to pass through cell membranes without being broken down.

Question 3

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the difference between starch and glycogen?

Accepted Answer

Starch is the carbohydrate storage form used by plants, while glycogen is used by animals.

Question 4

Which process is responsible for the formation of sucrose from glucose and fructose, and what is the chemical equation for this reaction?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration synthesis; $$	ext{glucose} + 	ext{fructose} ightarrow 	ext{sucrose} + 	ext{water}$$

Question 5

Which of the following statements about lipids is CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

Lipids contain C, H, O, but less oxygen than carbohydrates, and are insoluble in water.

Question 6

A triglyceride molecule is formed by the bonding of which components, and through what type of reaction?

Accepted Answer

One glycerol molecule and three fatty acids via dehydration synthesis

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature?

Accepted Answer

All carbons are linked via single covalent bonds, resulting in linear molecules that pack closely together.

Question 8

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of phospholipids compared to triglycerides?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipids have a polar, hydrophilic head and two nonpolar, hydrophobic tails.

Question 9

Which lipid type is the starting material for the synthesis of vitamin D, steroid hormones, and bile salts?

Accepted Answer

Cholesterol

Question 10

A patient is prescribed NSAIDs to reduce inflammation. Which class of lipids is most directly affected by this medication?

Accepted Answer

Eicosanoids (specifically prostaglandins)

Question 11

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the structure of proteins?

Accepted Answer

Proteins are polymers of amino acids held together by peptide bonds.

Question 12

Which structural level of a protein is defined by the linear sequence of amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of a fibrous protein, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Collagen; provides mechanical support and tensile strength

Question 14

A mutation causes the substitution of valine for glutamic acid in hemoglobin. What is the likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Change in the three-dimensional shape and function of hemoglobin, leading to sickle cell disease.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about enzyme action is CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy, allowing reactions to proceed quickly at body temperature.

Question 16

Which of the following is TRUE about the composition of nucleic acids?

Accepted Answer

Nucleic acids are composed of C, H, O, N, and P, and their monomers are nucleotides.

Question 17

Which of the following correctly matches the nitrogenous bases with their pairing in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Adenine pairs with thymine; guanine pairs with cytosine

Question 18

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA is double-stranded and contains deoxyribose and thymine; RNA is single-stranded and contains ribose and uracil.

Question 19

Which of the following equations correctly represents the conversion of ATP to ADP and the release of energy?

Accepted Answer

$$ATP + H_2O ightarrow ADP + P_i + 	ext{energy}$$

Biomolecules: Carbohydrates and Lipids – Structure and Function

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