$$EF = \frac{SV}{EDV} \times 100\%$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of erythropoietin (EPO) in the body?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates the production of erythrocytes in the bone marrow

Question 2

A patient presents with anemia due to chronic kidney disease. Which physiological mechanism explains why this occurs?

Accepted Answer

Kidneys are unable to secrete EPO, leading to decreased RBC production

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of ejection fraction (EF) in cardiac physiology?

Accepted Answer

$$EF = \frac{SV}{EDV} 	imes 100\%$$

Question 4

Which blood vessel layer is primarily responsible for regulating blood pressure through vasoconstriction and vasodilation?

Accepted Answer

Tunica media

Question 5

A patient with polycythemia has an abnormally high number of RBCs. What is the most likely consequence for blood flow?

Accepted Answer

Blood viscosity increases, making blood harder to flow

Question 6

Which of the following statements about capillaries is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Capillaries are the primary site for nutrient and waste exchange

Question 7

According to Poiseuille’s Law, which change will most dramatically increase blood flow through a vessel?

Accepted Answer

Doubling the vessel radius

Question 8

Which of the following is the correct formula for resistance (R) in a blood vessel according to Poiseuille’s Law?

Accepted Answer

$$R = \frac{8 \eta l}{\pi r^4$}$$

Question 9

A patient is diagnosed with sickle cell anemia. Which of the following best describes the underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Abnormal hemoglobin that changes shape under low oxygen

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why veins have valves?

Accepted Answer

To prevent blood from flowing backward due to low pressure

Question 11

Which component of plasma is most abundant and primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Question 12

A patient with a deficiency in vitamin B12 is most likely to develop which type of anemia?

Accepted Answer

Pernicious anemia

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of the myocardium?

Accepted Answer

Contracts to pump blood through the cardiovascular system

Question 14

During the cardiac cycle, which event occurs when ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure?

Accepted Answer

AV valves close

Question 15

Which of the following is the correct formula for stroke volume (SV)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = EDV - ESV$$

Question 16

Which type of capillary is most common in the skin and muscle and is characterized by uninterrupted endothelial lining?

Accepted Answer

Continuous capillary

Question 17

A patient with a blood type O negative is considered a universal donor. Which of the following explains why?

Accepted Answer

Their RBCs lack A, B, and Rh antigens

Question 18

Which of the following mechanisms helps increase venous return to the heart during exercise?

Accepted Answer

Contraction of skeletal muscles in the legs

Question 19

Which of the following is a direct effect of sympathetic nervous system activation on the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increases heart rate and contractility

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of baroreceptors in blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

Detect changes in blood pressure via stretch

Blood and Cardiovascular System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

Study Guide - Practice Questions