Question 1

Which of the following best describes the composition of blood plasma?

Accepted Answer

Mostly water, with dissolved proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, and waste products

Question 2

Which plasma protein is most important for maintaining osmotic pressure in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Question 3

What is the primary stimulus for the release of erythropoietin?

Accepted Answer

Low oxygen levels in the blood (hypoxia)

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the function of erythropoietin?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow

Question 5

A patient is found to have a deficiency in thrombopoietin. Which physiological process would be most affected?

Accepted Answer

Platelet production

Question 6

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the platelet plug formation during hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Vascular spasm → Platelet adhesion → Platelet activation → Platelet aggregation

Question 7

What happens to red blood cells when placed in a hypertonic solution?

Accepted Answer

They shrink due to water leaving the cell

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the function of surfactant in the alveoli?

Accepted Answer

Reduces surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse

Question 9

During inspiration, which muscles contract to increase thoracic volume?

Accepted Answer

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

Question 10

Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of vital capacity ($VC$) in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

$VC = TV + IRV + ERV$

Question 11

A patient has a tidal volume ($TV$) of 500 mL, an inspiratory reserve volume ($IRV$) of 3000 mL, and an expiratory reserve volume ($ERV$) of 1200 mL. What is their vital capacity ($VC$)?

Accepted Answer

$VC = 500\,mL + 3000\,mL + 1200\,mL = 4700\,mL$

Question 12

Which of the following statements about the actual site of gas exchange in the lungs is correct?

Accepted Answer

Gas exchange occurs at the alveolar-capillary membrane

Question 13

Which type of alveolar cell is responsible for producing surfactant?

Accepted Answer

Type II alveolar cells

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why oxygen moves into the lungs during inspiration?

Accepted Answer

Air flows from an area of higher pressure (atmosphere) to lower pressure (lungs)

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference between inspiration and expiration?

Accepted Answer

Inspiration is an active process involving muscle contraction; expiration is usually passive due to elastic recoil

Question 16

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating inspiratory reserve volume ($IRV$)?

Accepted Answer

$IRV = VC - (TV + ERV)$

Question 17

A patient has a vital capacity ($VC$) of 4800 mL, a tidal volume ($TV$) of 500 mL, and an expiratory reserve volume ($ERV$) of 1200 mL. What is their inspiratory reserve volume ($IRV$)?

Accepted Answer

$IRV = 4800\,mL - (500\,mL + 1200\,mL) = 3100\,mL$

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of transferrin in the body?

Accepted Answer

Transferrin transports iron in the blood

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about the life span of red blood cells (RBCs)?

Accepted Answer

RBCs have an average life span of about 120 days

Chapter 16,17 Check your understanding

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