Q: Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating cardiac output ($CO$)?

$CO = Stroke\ Volume \times Heart\ Rate$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of myoglobin in skeletal muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

It binds and stores oxygen within muscle cells for use during periods of high metabolic demand.

Question 2

A patient presents with anemia and is found to have a deficiency in erythropoietin (EPO). Which organ is primarily responsible for the production of EPO?

Accepted Answer

Kidney

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?

Accepted Answer

$MAP = Diastolic\ Pressure + \frac{1}{3} (Systolic\ Pressure - Diastolic\ Pressure)$

Question 4

Which of the following is the most abundant plasma protein and is primarily responsible for maintaining oncotic pressure?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Question 5

During hemostasis, which step immediately follows vascular spasm?

Accepted Answer

Platelet plug formation

Question 6

A patient with polycythemia is likely to have which of the following laboratory findings?

Accepted Answer

Increased red blood cell count

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why bile pigments are yellow?

Accepted Answer

They are derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin into bilirubin.

Question 8

Which adrenergic receptor subtype is most commonly found in blood vessels and is responsible for vasoconstriction?

Accepted Answer

Alpha-1

Question 9

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating cardiac output ($CO$)?

Accepted Answer

$CO = Stroke\ Volume 	imes Heart\ Rate$

Question 10

A patient is experiencing hypoxemia. Which of the following best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

Low oxygen content in the blood

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of the spleen?

Accepted Answer

Destruction of old red blood cells

Question 12

Which of the following statements about capillaries is correct?

Accepted Answer

They are the primary site of nutrient and gas exchange.

Question 13

Which neurotransmitter is released at cholinergic synapses in the motor unit?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a vasodilator, relaxing smooth muscle in blood vessel walls.

Question 15

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the cardiac cycle?

Accepted Answer

Atrial contraction → Ventricular contraction → Ventricular relaxation

Question 16

Which of the following is a direct effect of activation of beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increased force of cardiac contraction

Question 17

Which of the following is the primary function of endothelial cells lining blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of vascular tone and permeability

Question 18

A patient with a deficiency in albumin is most likely to experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Edema due to decreased plasma oncotic pressure

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in blood pressure regulation?

Accepted Answer

It increases blood pressure by promoting vasoconstriction and sodium retention.

Question 20

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating pulse pressure ($PP$)?

Accepted Answer

$PP = Systolic\ Pressure - Diastolic\ Pressure$

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