Question 1

After centrifugation of a blood sample, three distinct layers are observed. Which of the following correctly identifies the composition and order (from top to bottom) of these layers?

Accepted Answer

Plasma, buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets), erythrocytes

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the difference between blood plasma and serum?

Accepted Answer

Plasma contains clotting factors, while serum does not

Question 3

A patient is exposed to high levels of carbon monoxide (CO). Why is this dangerous in terms of hemoglobin binding?

Accepted Answer

CO binds to hemoglobin with a much higher affinity than oxygen, preventing oxygen transport

Question 4

Which hormone stimulates red blood cell (RBC) production, and where is it primarily produced?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin, produced primarily in the kidneys

Question 5

A patient with chronic blood loss develops anemia. Which of the following best explains the mechanism behind this type of anemia?

Accepted Answer

Insufficient iron stores lead to decreased hemoglobin synthesis

Question 6

Which of the following is a correct sequence of red blood cell (RBC) development in the bone marrow?

Accepted Answer

Proerythroblast → basophilic erythroblast → polychromatic erythroblast → orthochromatic erythroblast → reticulocyte → erythrocyte

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the fate of the heme group after red blood cell destruction?

Accepted Answer

It is converted to bilirubin, transported to the liver, and excreted in bile

Question 8

A patient presents with an abnormally high hematocrit. Which of the following conditions is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Polycythemia

Question 9

Which of the following white blood cells is primarily responsible for combating parasitic infections and is characterized by a bilobed nucleus and red cytoplasmic granules?

Accepted Answer

Eosinophil

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of platelets in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

They adhere to exposed collagen at injury sites to form a temporary plug

Question 11

A patient with vitamin K deficiency is at risk for which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Impaired synthesis of several clotting factors, leading to increased bleeding

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why the intrinsic pathway of coagulation is slower than the extrinsic pathway?

Accepted Answer

It involves more clotting factors and a more complex cascade of reactions

Question 13

A person with blood type AB negative ($AB^-$) can safely receive which of the following blood types in a transfusion?

Accepted Answer

A negative ($A^-$)

Question 14

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating hematocrit ($Hct$) given the volume of packed red blood cells ($V_{RBC}$) and the total blood volume ($V_{total}$)?

Accepted Answer

$$ Hct = \frac{V_{RBC}}{V_{total}} 	imes 100 \% $$

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference between agglutinogens and agglutinins in the ABO blood group system?

Accepted Answer

Agglutinogens are antigens on the surface of RBCs; agglutinins are antibodies in the plasma

Question 16

A patient with a genetic deficiency in the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is at increased risk for which type of anemia?

Accepted Answer

Hemolytic anemia

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why a deficiency in intrinsic factor leads to pernicious anemia?

Accepted Answer

Intrinsic factor is required for vitamin B12 absorption, which is necessary for RBC maturation

Question 18

Which of the following is the primary function of neutrophils?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis of bacteria and debris

Question 19

A patient develops deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after a long flight. Which of the following best explains the risk associated with this condition?

Accepted Answer

A thrombus can dislodge and become an embolus, potentially causing a pulmonary embolism

Question 20

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Vascular spasm → platelet plug formation → coagulation

Blood Composition, Hematology, and Hemostasis: Study Guide for Anatomy & Physiology

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