Q: Which of the following equations correctly calculates hematocrit ($$Ht) as a $$percentage?

$$Ht = \frac{\text{Volume of RBCs}}{\text{Total Blood Volume}} \times 100$$

Question 1

A patient presents with edema due to a significant decrease in plasma albumin levels. Which of the following best explains how this change affects body water homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Decreased albumin reduces plasma oncotic pressure, causing water to move from the blood vessels into the interstitial space.

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the negative feedback loop that controls erythropoiesis?

Accepted Answer

Low oxygen levels stimulate the kidneys to release erythropoietin, which increases RBC production until oxygen levels normalize.

Question 3

A patient with blood type A negative receives type AB positive blood during a transfusion. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The patient's anti-B and anti-Rh antibodies will attack the transfused RBCs, causing a transfusion reaction.

Question 4

Which of the following equations correctly calculates hematocrit ($$Ht) as a $$percentage?

Accepted Answer

$$Ht = \frac{	ext{Volume of RBCs}}{	ext{Total Blood Volume}} 	imes 100$$

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the role of vitamin K in the coagulation process?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of several clotting factors in the liver.

Question 6

A patient has a WBC count of $$15,000/\mu L ($$normal: $$4,000-11,000/\mu L). $$Which condition does this most likely indicate?

Accepted Answer

Leukocytosis

Question 7

Which of the following best differentiates between the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways?

Accepted Answer

The intrinsic pathway is activated by damage to the endothelium and exposure of collagen, while the extrinsic pathway is triggered by tissue factor released from damaged tissues.

Question 8

Which of the following is a function of the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

Returning excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream

Question 9

A patient is diagnosed with hemophilia A. Which clotting factor is deficient in this condition?

Accepted Answer

Factor VIII

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the process of opsonization in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

Opsonization is the coating of pathogens by antibodies or complement proteins to enhance phagocytosis.

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why type O negative blood is considered the universal donor?

Accepted Answer

Type O negative blood lacks A, B, and Rh antigens, so it does not trigger an immune response in recipients.

Question 12

A patient with a history of chronic hypoxia is found to have an elevated hematocrit. Which physiological process best explains this finding?

Accepted Answer

Increased erythropoietin secretion stimulates RBC production to improve oxygen delivery.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the difference between active and passive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Active immunity involves the production of antibodies by the host after exposure to an antigen, while passive immunity involves the transfer of antibodies from another source.

Question 14

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

Question 15

A patient is exposed to a pathogen for the first time and develops symptoms after several days. Which of the following best explains the delay in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

The primary immune response is slower because it takes time for B and T lymphocytes to recognize the antigen and proliferate.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of MHC class I molecules?

Accepted Answer

They present endogenous antigens to cytotoxic T cells.

Question 17

A patient with a splenectomy is at increased risk for which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Infections due to decreased removal of old RBCs and pathogens from the blood

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the process of lymph circulation through the body?

Accepted Answer

Lymph flows from interstitial spaces into lymphatic capillaries, through lymphatic vessels and nodes, and eventually drains into the venous system.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains the difference between leukopenia and leukocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Leukopenia is a decrease in WBC count, while leukocytosis is an increase in WBC count.

Question 20

A patient receives a vaccine and later is exposed to the same pathogen. Which of the following best describes the immune response upon second exposure?

Accepted Answer

The secondary immune response is faster and stronger due to the presence of memory cells.

Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune Systems: Key Concepts for Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1

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