Question 1

Which of the following best explains why O− blood is considered the universal donor for red blood cell transfusions?

Accepted Answer

O− red blood cells lack A, B, and Rh antigens, minimizing the risk of recipient antibody attack.

Question 2

A patient with chronic kidney disease develops anemia. Which mechanism best explains this finding?

Accepted Answer

Decreased erythropoietin production leads to reduced stimulation of erythropoiesis in the bone marrow.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the role of surfactant in the alveoli?

Accepted Answer

Surfactant decreases alveolar surface tension, preventing collapse and aiding lung compliance.

Question 4

A patient receives a transfusion of type B+ blood but is type A−. What is the most likely immediate consequence?

Accepted Answer

The recipient's anti-B and anti-Rh antibodies will cause agglutination and hemolysis of donor RBCs.

Question 5

Which equation correctly represents the reversible reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO_2$ + H_2O \rightleftharpoons H_2CO_3 \rightleftharpoons H^+ + $$HCO_3$$^-}$$

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of coagulation?

Accepted Answer

The intrinsic pathway is triggered by exposed collagen within damaged vessels and is slower than the extrinsic pathway.

Question 7

A patient with a mutation that prevents the production of MHC II molecules would have the greatest impairment in which immune function?

Accepted Answer

Activation of helper T cells (CD4+)

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why hyperventilation can lead to respiratory alkalosis?

Accepted Answer

Hyperventilation decreases blood PCO2, shifting the equilibrium to consume H+ and raising pH.

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct interpretation of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

Accepted Answer

A rightward shift occurs with increased CO2, H+, temperature, or 2,3-BPG, facilitating O2 release to tissues.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the function of the lymphatic system in lipid absorption?

Accepted Answer

Lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine, called lacteals, absorb dietary lipids and transport them to the bloodstream.

Question 11

A patient with a deficiency in vitamin K would most likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Impaired synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X, leading to increased bleeding risk.

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why lymph flows in only one direction toward the heart?

Accepted Answer

Lymphatic vessels contain numerous one-way valves that prevent backflow.

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) in the medulla oblongata?

Accepted Answer

Generates the basic rhythm of quiet breathing.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the process of hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Hemostasis includes vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and coagulation to stop bleeding.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains the effect of increased airway resistance on pulmonary ventilation?

Accepted Answer

Increased airway resistance decreases airflow, making breathing more difficult.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of complement proteins in innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

They promote opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis of pathogens.

Question 17

A patient with a mutation that prevents the production of surfactant would most likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Increased alveolar surface tension, leading to alveolar collapse and impaired gas exchange.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the difference between active and passive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Active immunity results from the body's own immune response and is long-lasting; passive immunity is received from another source and is temporary.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why a rightward shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is beneficial during exercise?

Accepted Answer

It decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, facilitating greater oxygen release to active tissues.

Blood, Lymphatic, and Respiratory Systems: Structured Study Notes

Study Guide - Practice Questions