Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the circulatory system?

Accepted Answer

To transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs

Question 2

A patient with type AB+ blood is considered the universal recipient for blood transfusions. Which of the following explains why?

Accepted Answer

They lack anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh antibodies in their plasma

Question 3

Which plasma protein is most responsible for maintaining blood osmolarity and thus influences blood pressure and fluid balance?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Question 4

A person with blood type O- is considered a universal donor. Which of the following is the main reason for this?

Accepted Answer

Their red blood cells lack A, B, and Rh antigens

Question 5

During hemostasis, which step involves the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, forming a mesh that stabilizes the blood clot?

Accepted Answer

Coagulation

Question 6

A patient is found to have a low hematocrit. Which of the following is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity

Question 7

Which of the following equations correctly represents the bicarbonate buffering system in blood?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{CO}_3 \longleftrightarrow \mathrm{HCO}_3^- + \mathrm{H}^+$$

Question 8

A woman with blood type A- is pregnant with a fetus who is Rh positive. Which of the following best explains why she may require an injection of Rh immune globulin?

Accepted Answer

To prevent her from developing anti-Rh antibodies that could attack fetal red blood cells in future pregnancies

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the process of erythropoiesis?

Accepted Answer

The production of red blood cells in the bone marrow, stimulated by erythropoietin

Question 10

A patient with sickle cell anemia has a mutation affecting the structure of hemoglobin. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity and increased risk of hemolysis

Question 11

Which of the following leukocytes is primarily responsible for phagocytizing bacteria and is the most abundant type of white blood cell?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil

Question 12

A patient receives a transfusion of type B+ blood but is type A-. Which of the following is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Agglutination and destruction of donor red blood cells due to anti-B and anti-Rh antibodies

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why albumin is important in blood plasma?

Accepted Answer

It maintains osmotic pressure and helps regulate blood volume

Question 14

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Vascular spasm → Platelet plug formation → Coagulation

Question 15

A patient with chronic kidney failure develops anemia. Which of the following best explains the physiological basis for this?

Accepted Answer

The kidneys are unable to produce sufficient erythropoietin to stimulate red blood cell production

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of megakaryocytes in blood?

Accepted Answer

They fragment to form platelets, which are essential for blood clotting

Question 17

Which of the following statements about the ABO blood group system is correct?

Accepted Answer

Type AB individuals have no antibodies against A or B antigens in their plasma

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of fibrinogen in blood?

Accepted Answer

It is a precursor that is converted to fibrin during coagulation to form a blood clot

Question 19

A patient with a deficiency in vitamin B12 is likely to develop which type of anemia?

Accepted Answer

Pernicious anemia

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why a drop in red blood cell count leads to increased production of erythropoietin?

Accepted Answer

To stimulate the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells in response to hypoxemia

Blood: Structure, Function, and Clinical Relevance

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