Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin during the coagulation cascade?

$$\text{Prothrombin} + \text{Factor Xa} \rightarrow \text{Thrombin}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of erythrocytes in the blood?

Accepted Answer

They transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs.

Question 2

A patient with a deficiency in vitamin K is most likely to experience which of the following problems?

Accepted Answer

Impaired blood clotting due to reduced synthesis of clotting factors.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about plasma is correct?

Accepted Answer

Plasma is composed of about 91% water and contains proteins such as albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen.

Question 4

A person with type AB+ blood is considered a universal recipient for blood transfusions. Which of the following best explains why?

Accepted Answer

They lack anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh antibodies, so they can receive any ABO and Rh blood type without agglutination.

Question 5

During hemostasis, which step immediately follows the formation of the platelet plug?

Accepted Answer

Coagulation (formation of fibrin mesh)

Question 6

A patient with sickle-cell disease has a mutation in the gene encoding hemoglobin. What is the most likely consequence of this mutation under low oxygen conditions?

Accepted Answer

Erythrocytes become elongated and rigid, leading to vessel blockages and hemolysis.

Question 7

Which of the following equations correctly represents the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin during the coagulation cascade?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Prothrombin} + 	ext{Factor Xa} ightarrow 	ext{Thrombin}$$

Question 8

A patient with a bone marrow disorder is unable to produce sufficient hematopoietic stem cells. Which of the following blood components would be affected?

Accepted Answer

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of albumin in blood plasma?

Accepted Answer

It maintains osmotic pressure and transports substances.

Question 10

A patient with type O- blood requires a transfusion. Which of the following blood types can safely be donated to this patient?

Accepted Answer

Type O-

Question 11

Which of the following white blood cell types is most abundant in a normal differential count and is primarily responsible for phagocytosing bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils

Question 12

A newborn is at risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis) if:

Accepted Answer

The mother is Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive.

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why a thrombus (blood clot) in a deep vein of the leg can be life-threatening?

Accepted Answer

It may break off and travel to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism.

Question 14

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Vascular spasm → Platelet plug formation → Coagulation → Clot retraction → Thrombolysis

Question 15

A patient is found to have a low hematocrit. Which of the following conditions could explain this finding?

Accepted Answer

Anemia due to chronic blood loss

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of fibrinogen in the blood?

Accepted Answer

It is converted to fibrin during coagulation to form a stable blood clot.

Question 17

A patient with liver cirrhosis is likely to develop edema because:

Accepted Answer

The liver fails to produce enough albumin, decreasing plasma oncotic pressure.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why anti-Rh antibodies are not pre-formed in Rh-negative individuals?

Accepted Answer

Anti-Rh antibodies are only produced after exposure to Rh-positive blood.

Question 19

A patient is given a drug that inhibits thromboxane A2 production. What is the expected effect on hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Decreased platelet aggregation and impaired clot formation

Blood: Structure, Function, and Clinical Relevance

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