Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of blood in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Producing hormones for metabolism

Question 2

A patient has a hematocrit of 65%. Which of the following is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of blood clotting, stroke, or heart failure

Question 3

Which plasma protein is most abundant and primarily responsible for maintaining plasma osmotic pressure?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Question 4

A blood sample is centrifuged. Which layer contains the majority of white blood cells and platelets?

Accepted Answer

Buffy coat

Question 5

Which structural feature of erythrocytes is most important for efficient gas exchange?

Accepted Answer

Biconcave disc shape increasing surface area

Question 6

What is the role of spectrin in erythrocytes?

Accepted Answer

It provides flexibility to change shape

Question 7

Each hemoglobin molecule can bind how many oxygen molecules?

Accepted Answer

$$4$$

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the process of erythropoiesis?

Accepted Answer

Formation of red blood cells in the bone marrow

Question 9

A patient with chronic kidney disease develops anemia. What is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Decreased production of erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 10

Which dietary component is essential for DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing cells such as developing RBCs?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin B$$_{12}$$ and folic acid

Question 11

During the breakdown of erythrocytes, which pigment is responsible for the yellow color of bruises?

Accepted Answer

Bilirubin

Question 12

A patient presents with small, pale RBCs and fatigue. Lab results show low hemoglobin and microcytes. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Iron-deficiency anemia

Question 13

Which genetic disorder results in RBCs that are thin, delicate, and deficient in hemoglobin, often requiring monthly blood transfusions in severe cases?

Accepted Answer

Thalassemia

Question 14

Why do individuals with sickle-cell trait have a survival advantage in regions where malaria is prevalent?

Accepted Answer

Their RBCs are resistant to malaria infection

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the stages of erythropoiesis?

Accepted Answer

Proerythroblast $$\rightarrow$$ Basophilic erythroblast $$\rightarrow$$ Polychromatic erythroblast $$\rightarrow$$ Orthochromatic erythroblast $$\rightarrow$$ Reticulocyte

Question 16

Which hormone stimulates the formation of red blood cells and is released in response to hypoxia?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 17

A patient abuses synthetic EPO to enhance athletic performance. What is the physiological risk associated with this practice?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood viscosity leading to stroke or heart failure

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why mature erythrocytes cannot divide or synthesize new proteins?

Accepted Answer

They lack a nucleus and organelles

Question 19

A patient with anemia is found to have an autoimmune disease destroying stomach mucosa, resulting in large, immature RBCs. Which nutrient is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin B$$_{12}$$

Question 20

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood?

Accepted Answer

Each RBC contains about 250 million hemoglobin molecules, each binding up to 4 oxygen molecules

Blood: Structure, Function, and Disorders – Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes

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