Question 1

Which layer of a blood vessel contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle and is responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation?

Accepted Answer

Tunica media

Question 2

A patient presents with a bulge in a weakened arterial wall. What is the most likely diagnosis, and what is the primary risk associated with this condition?

Accepted Answer

Aneurysm; risk of rupture and internal bleeding

Question 3

Which type of capillary is found in the liver and bone marrow, and allows the passage of large plasma proteins?

Accepted Answer

Sinusoid (sinusoidal capillary)

Question 4

What is the primary function of venous valves?

Accepted Answer

To prevent backflow of blood

Question 5

Which equation correctly describes the relationship between blood flow ($F$), pressure gradient ($\Delta P$), and resistance ($R$)?

Accepted Answer

$F = \Delta P / R$

Question 6

If the blood colloid osmotic pressure ($BCOP$) is 25 mm Hg and the capillary hydrostatic pressure ($CHP$) is 35 mm Hg at the arterial end of a capillary, what is the net filtration pressure ($NFP$)?

Accepted Answer

$NFP = CHP - BCOP = 35 - 25 = 10$ mm Hg

Question 7

Which of the following would most likely cause edema in peripheral tissues?

Accepted Answer

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure and decreased blood colloid osmotic pressure

Question 8

During heavy exercise, which of the following changes occurs in the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac output increases to maximum and blood flow to nonessential organs is restricted

Question 9

Which hormone is released in response to low blood volume and increases blood pressure by promoting water retention and vasoconstriction?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 10

A patient with a patent ductus arteriosus is likely to present with which clinical sign?

Accepted Answer

Cyanosis due to right-to-left shunt

Question 11

Which vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary vein

Question 12

Which of the following is a direct effect of vasoconstriction in arterioles?

Accepted Answer

Increased afterload on the heart

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of the hepatic portal system?

Accepted Answer

It delivers nutrient-laden blood from digestive organs to the liver for processing

Question 14

Which congenital heart defect is most commonly associated with Down syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Atrioventricular septal defect

Question 15

Which of the following is true regarding the distribution of blood in the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

Veins and venules contain approximately 65–70% of the blood volume

Question 16

Which equation correctly calculates mean arterial pressure ($MAP$) given a diastolic pressure of 80 mm Hg and a pulse pressure of 40 mm Hg?

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of bulk flow in capillary exchange?

Accepted Answer

Accelerates the distribution of nutrients, hormones, and dissolved gases throughout tissues

Question 18

Which vessel is the largest systemic artery and originates at the left ventricle?

Accepted Answer

Aorta

Question 19

Which of the following changes in blood vessels is most likely to occur with aging and can lead to increased risk of stroke or myocardial infarction?

Accepted Answer

Arteries become less elastic and calcium deposits form on vessel walls

Question 20

Which of the following is a direct result of baroreceptor activation when blood pressure rises above normal?

Accepted Answer

Decrease in cardiac output and peripheral vasodilation

Blood Vessels: Structure, Function, and Types

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