Question 1

Which of the following best explains why bones are both strong and flexible?

Accepted Answer

Bones are composed of 35% organic material (mainly collagen) for flexibility and tensile strength, and 65% inorganic material (mainly hydroxyapatite) for compressive strength.

Question 2

A patient has a genetic disorder that prevents the formation of collagen in bone. Which of the following symptoms would you most likely expect?

Accepted Answer

Bones that are brittle and break easily under tension.

Question 3

During intramembranous ossification, what is the correct sequence of events?

Accepted Answer

Mesenchymal cells cluster and differentiate into osteoblasts, osteoblasts secrete osteoid, osteoid calcifies, trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes.

Question 4

Which of the following bones is formed primarily by intramembranous ossification?

Accepted Answer

Clavicle

Question 5

In endochondral ossification, what is the role of the periosteal bud?

Accepted Answer

It brings blood vessels, nerves, and osteogenic cells into the deteriorating cartilage, allowing spongy bone to form.

Question 6

A child is diagnosed with gigantism. Which hormone is most likely being overproduced?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the function of osteoclasts during bone remodeling?

Accepted Answer

They release lysosomal enzymes and hydrochloric acid to break down bone matrix and hydroxyapatite.

Question 8

A patient has a blood calcium level of 7 mg/100 ml (below normal). Which hormone will be released, and what is its effect on bone?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) will be released, stimulating osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium.

Question 9

According to Wolff's law, what happens to the bones of a tennis player's dominant arm over time?

Accepted Answer

The bone becomes thicker and stronger in response to increased mechanical stress.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why soaking a chicken bone in vinegar makes it flexible?

Accepted Answer

Vinegar dissolves the hydroxyapatite (inorganic matrix), leaving the flexible collagen-rich organic matrix.

Question 11

A fracture in which the bone is crushed, as might occur in a fall from a height, is best described as:

Accepted Answer

Compression fracture

Question 12

During bone repair, what is the correct order of events?

Accepted Answer

Hematoma forms, fibrocartilaginous callus forms, bony callus forms, bone remodeling occurs.

Question 13

Which of the following is true regarding the epiphyseal plate during childhood and adolescence?

Accepted Answer

It is composed of hyaline cartilage and allows for longitudinal bone growth.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes osteoporosis?

Accepted Answer

A disease in which bone resorption outpaces deposition, resulting in porous bones.

Question 15

Which of the following zones of the epiphyseal plate is responsible for pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis during bone growth?

Accepted Answer

Proliferation zone

Question 16

A 14-year-old boy experiences a fracture that separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis along the growth plate. What type of fracture is this?

Accepted Answer

Epiphyseal fracture

Question 17

Which enzyme is essential for the calcification of bone matrix during bone deposition?

Accepted Answer

Alkaline phosphatase

Question 18

Which of the following statements about bone remodeling is correct?

Accepted Answer

Bone remodeling involves both bone deposition by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts.

Question 19

Which hormone is released in response to high blood calcium levels and what is its effect on bone?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin; inhibits osteoclast activity, reducing bone resorption.

Question 20

A patient with a tumor in the parathyroid gland is producing excess PTH. What is the likely effect on their bones?

Accepted Answer

Decreased bone density due to increased bone resorption.

Bone Homeostasis: Composition, Development, and Growth

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