Question 1

Which cell type is responsible for breaking down bone matrix to release calcium into the bloodstream when blood calcium levels are low?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclast

Question 2

A patient presents with a compound fracture of the femur. Which of the following is a primary concern associated with this type of fracture?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of bone infection

Question 3

Which hormone stimulates osteoclast activity to increase blood calcium levels, and what is the equation for blood calcium homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); $$\Delta [Ca$$^{2+}$$] = Ca_{release\ from\ bone} - Ca_{uptake\ by\ bone}$$

Question 4

Which bone structure is responsible for housing blood vessels and nerves that supply the bone, and what is the main function of its osteogenic layer?

Accepted Answer

Periosteum; contains stem cells for bone growth and repair

Question 5

During bone repair, which step immediately follows the formation of a hematoma?

Accepted Answer

Formation of fibrocartilage callus

Question 6

Which of the following best describes appositional growth in bones?

Accepted Answer

Increase in bone diameter under the periosteum

Question 7

A child’s X-ray shows dark areas at the ends of the carpals. What does this indicate about the bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Active growth plates with less mineralization

Question 8

Which of the following is true regarding the difference between compact and spongy bone?

Accepted Answer

Spongy bone contains small canaliculi, compact bone contains larger canaliculi

Question 9

Which bones are involved in forming the hip joint?

Accepted Answer

Ilium, ischium, pubis, and femur

Question 10

Which process describes the formation of bone from mesenchymal tissue without a cartilage model, and which bone type does it primarily produce?

Accepted Answer

Intramembranous ossification; spongy bone

Question 11

A patient with kyphosis would most likely present with which spinal abnormality?

Accepted Answer

Exaggerated thoracic curvature (hunchback)

Question 12

Which equation best represents the rate of bone remodeling in adults, given that approximately 10% of bone mass is replaced per year?

Accepted Answer

$$R = 0.1 	imes M_{total}$$

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a function of the periosteum?

Accepted Answer

Stores calcium phosphate

Question 14

Which bone cell type is derived from hemopoietic cells and is activated by parathyroid hormone?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclast

Question 15

Which of the following bones does NOT form a joint with any other bone?

Accepted Answer

Hyoid

Question 16

Which two components make up the intervertebral disc?

Accepted Answer

Annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus

Question 17

Which bone fracture is most likely to occur in children due to their less calcified bones, and what is its characteristic?

Accepted Answer

Greenstick fracture; partial break resembling a peeled branch

Question 18

Which bones contain sinuses that help warm and moisten air in the nasal cavity?

Accepted Answer

Ethmoid, sphenoid, maxilla, and frontal

Question 19

Which joint is the only moveable joint in the skull?

Accepted Answer

Mandible to temporal bone (TMJ)

Question 20

Which equation best describes the relationship between bone mass and physical activity, considering appositional growth?

Accepted Answer

$$M_{bone} = M_{initial} + (S 	imes N)$$

Bone Physiology and the Skeletal System: Study Guide

Study Guide - Practice Questions