$\text{Bone mass loss}_{women} = 8\%/\text{decade}$, $\text{Bone mass loss}_{men} = 3\%/\text{decade}$

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a major function of the skeletal system?

Accepted Answer

Production of hormones

Question 2

A patient presents with a fracture in the patella. Which type of bone is the patella classified as?

Accepted Answer

Sesamoid bone

Question 3

Which bone cell type is primarily responsible for bone resorption and the release of stored minerals?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts

Question 4

What is the main structural difference between compact bone and spongy bone?

Accepted Answer

Compact bone contains osteons, while spongy bone contains trabeculae.

Question 5

During endochondral ossification, which event occurs FIRST?

Accepted Answer

Chondrocytes enlarge and the matrix begins to calcify.

Question 6

Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 7

A 55-year-old woman is diagnosed with osteoporosis. Which of the following best explains the pathophysiology of her condition?

Accepted Answer

Loss of bone mass due to increased osteoclast activity and decreased sex hormone levels

Question 8

Which vitamin is essential for collagen synthesis and osteoblast differentiation?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin C

Question 9

If osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity, what is the likely outcome for bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Bones will weaken due to increased resorption.

Question 10

Which of the following equations correctly represents the chemical formula for hydroxyapatite, the main mineral in bone matrix?

Accepted Answer

$Ca_{10}(PO_4)_6(OH)_2$

Question 11

A child with vitamin D deficiency is at risk for which bone disorder, and what is the underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Rickets; poor mineralization of bone due to inadequate calcium absorption

Question 12

Which bone marking is most likely to be found at the site of muscle attachment?

Accepted Answer

Projection

Question 13

Which process is responsible for the formation of flat bones such as the clavicle and mandible?

Accepted Answer

Intramembranous ossification

Question 14

During fracture repair, what is the role of the external callus?

Accepted Answer

Stabilizes the outer edge of the fracture with cartilage and bone

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the structure of a long bone?

Accepted Answer

A diaphysis of compact bone surrounding a medullary cavity, with epiphyses of spongy bone at each end

Question 16

Which of the following statements about bone remodeling is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

It involves the coordinated activity of osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts.

Question 17

Which equation best represents the relationship between bone mass loss in women and men per decade after age 30?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{Bone mass loss}_{women} = 8\%/	ext{decade}$, $	ext{Bone mass loss}_{men} = 3\%/	ext{decade}$

Question 18

Which of the following is a consequence of inactivity or lack of physical stress on bones?

Accepted Answer

Rapid loss of bone mass

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the periosteum?

Accepted Answer

A membrane with an outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer that covers the outside of bones

Question 20

Which of the following is TRUE regarding calcium homeostasis in the skeletal system?

Accepted Answer

Bones store 99% of the body's calcium and act as a reserve for maintaining blood calcium levels.

Bones and Bone Structure: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

Study Guide - Practice Questions