Q: Which of the following equations describes the relationship between bone remodeling and calcium homeostasis?

$\text{Bone resorption} \rightarrow \text{Increase in blood } Ca^{2+}$

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a major function of the skeletal system?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of body temperature

Question 2

A patient presents with a fracture that does NOT break the surface of the skin. What type of fracture is this?

Accepted Answer

Closed fracture

Question 3

Which bone cell type is responsible for secreting acids and protein-digesting enzymes to dissolve bone matrix?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts

Question 4

Which process describes the formation of bone from hyaline cartilage models during development?

Accepted Answer

Endochondral ossification

Question 5

Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts and increasing intestinal absorption?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 6

A long bone such as the femur has a shaft called the diaphysis. What type of bone tissue forms the heavy wall of the diaphysis?

Accepted Answer

Compact bone

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the structure of a flat bone such as the parietal bone?

Accepted Answer

A 'spongy bone sandwich' with compact bone on the outside and spongy bone in the middle

Question 8

Which bone cell type is a mesenchymal stem cell that divides to produce osteoblasts?

Accepted Answer

Osteogenic cell

Question 9

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the bone matrix?

Accepted Answer

It is composed of both calcium phosphate crystals and collagen fibers

Question 10

A patient with osteoporosis is at increased risk for fractures because:

Accepted Answer

Osteoclast activity continues at a higher rate than osteoblast activity

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of osteocytes in compact bone?

Accepted Answer

Arranged in concentric lamellae around a central canal

Question 12

Which vitamin is required for collagen synthesis and osteoblast differentiation?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin C

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct sequence for bone fracture repair?

Accepted Answer

Formation of hematoma, formation of callus, conversion of cartilage to bone

Question 14

Which of the following statements about spongy bone is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

It is composed of a meshwork of trabeculae

Question 15

Which bone marking is described as a small, rounded projection?

Accepted Answer

Tubercle

Question 16

If a patient’s parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels are abnormally high, which of the following is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Increased bone resorption by osteoclasts

Question 17

Which equation best represents the formation of hydroxyapatite in bone matrix?

Accepted Answer

$Ca^{2+} + PO_4^{3-} \rightarrow Ca_5(PO_4)_3OH$

Question 18

A patient with FOP (Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva) forms bone in abnormal locations after minor injury. What is the term for these abnormal bones?

Accepted Answer

Heterotopic bones

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why bones become thinner and weaker with age?

Accepted Answer

Osteoblast activity declines while osteoclast activity continues at the same level

Question 20

Which of the following equations describes the relationship between bone remodeling and calcium homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{Bone resorption} ightarrow 	ext{Increase in blood } Ca^{2+}$

Bones & Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Physiology

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