Q: Which equation correctly represents the relationship between calcium homeostasis and parathyroid hormone (PTH) action?

$$\text{Low } [Ca$$^{2+}$$]_{blood} \rightarrow \text{PTH secretion} \rightarrow \text{Osteoclast activation} \rightarrow \text{Bone resorption} \rightarrow \text{Increase } [Ca$$^{2+}$$]_{blood}$$

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a function of bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Production of digestive enzymes

Question 2

A patient presents with a fracture that penetrates the skin. What type of fracture is this?

Accepted Answer

Open (compound) fracture

Question 3

Which bone cell type is responsible for bone resorption and increases blood calcium levels when activated by parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts

Question 4

During bone development, which process describes the replacement of hyaline cartilage with bone?

Accepted Answer

Endochondral ossification

Question 5

Which hormone is most important for stimulating epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone

Question 6

A patient with osteoporosis is at increased risk for which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Bone fractures due to thinning bones

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the composition of the organic matrix of bone?

Accepted Answer

Collagen fibers and ground substance

Question 8

What is the primary function of osteoblasts?

Accepted Answer

Secretion of unmineralized bone matrix

Question 9

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between calcium homeostasis and parathyroid hormone (PTH) action?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Low } [Ca$$^{2+}$$]_{blood} ightarrow 	ext{PTH secretion} ightarrow 	ext{Osteoclast activation} ightarrow 	ext{Bone resorption} ightarrow 	ext{Increase } [Ca$$^{2+}$$]_{blood}$$

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in bone repair after a fracture?

Accepted Answer

Hematoma formation → Fibrocartilaginous callus formation → Bony callus formation → Bone remodeling

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why cartilage injuries heal slowly compared to bone injuries?

Accepted Answer

Cartilage lacks blood vessels, limiting nutrient delivery

Question 12

Which bone cell acts as a stress or strain sensor and helps maintain bone matrix?

Accepted Answer

Osteocyte

Question 13

A 15-year-old male is experiencing rapid growth due to increased testosterone. What effect does this hormone have on his bones?

Accepted Answer

It induces epiphyseal plate closure, ending longitudinal bone growth

Question 14

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the structure of a long bone?

Accepted Answer

The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that forms the long axis of the bone

Question 15

Which of the following best describes Wolff's Law?

Accepted Answer

Bones grow or remodel in response to demands placed on them

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct description of appositional growth in cartilage?

Accepted Answer

New matrix is laid down on the surface of existing cartilage by cells in the perichondrium

Question 17

Which of the following is the main inorganic component of bone that provides hardness and resistance to compression?

Accepted Answer

Hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate crystals)

Question 18

A patient with hypercalcemia is at risk for which of the following complications?

Accepted Answer

Nonresponsiveness of nerves and muscles

Question 19

Which of the following equations best represents the process of bone remodeling in response to mechanical stress?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Increased mechanical stress} ightarrow 	ext{Osteoblast activation} ightarrow 	ext{Bone deposition}$$

Bones and Skeletal Tissue: Structure, Function, and Development

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