Q: Which formula best represents the negative feedback loop controlling blood calcium levels?

$\text{Low } [Ca^{2+}]_{blood} \rightarrow \text{PTH release} \rightarrow \text{Osteoclast activation} \rightarrow \text{Increase } [Ca^{2+}]_{blood}$

Question 1

Which type of cartilage is most abundant in the human body and provides support, flexibility, and resilience?

Accepted Answer

Hyaline cartilage

Question 2

A patient presents with bowed legs and bone pain upon bearing weight. Laboratory tests reveal a vitamin D deficiency. Which bone disorder is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Rickets

Question 3

Which bone cell type is responsible for bone resorption by secreting lysosomal enzymes and protons?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts

Question 4

During endochondral ossification, which structure forms first in the center of the shaft of a long bone?

Accepted Answer

Primary ossification center

Question 5

Which hormone is released in response to falling blood calcium levels and stimulates osteoclast activity?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 6

A 70-year-old woman suffers a hip fracture after a minor fall. Her bone density scan shows thin, porous bone. Which process is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Balance between bone deposit and resorption

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the chemical composition of bone that provides resistance to compression?

Accepted Answer

Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts)

Question 8

Which equation correctly represents the formation of hydroxyapatite, the main mineral in bone?

Accepted Answer

$10Ca^{2+} + 6PO_4^{3-} + 2OH^- \rightarrow Ca_{10}(PO_4)_6(OH)_2$

Question 9

Which process is responsible for the lengthwise growth of long bones during childhood and adolescence?

Accepted Answer

Interstitial growth at the epiphyseal plate

Question 10

A patient with chronic kidney disease develops high blood calcium levels. What complication is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Formation of kidney stones

Question 11

Which bone marking is most likely to serve as a passageway for blood vessels and nerves?

Accepted Answer

Depression or opening

Question 12

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the periosteum?

Accepted Answer

It covers the outside of compact bone

Question 13

Which of the following bones is classified as a flat bone?

Accepted Answer

Sternum

Question 14

During bone fracture repair, which stage involves the formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus?

Accepted Answer

Fibrocartilaginous callus formation

Question 15

Which of the following statements about spongy bone is correct?

Accepted Answer

It contains trabeculae aligned along lines of stress

Question 16

Which cell type is most active in bone formation during intramembranous ossification?

Accepted Answer

Osteoblasts

Question 17

A 15-year-old male is still growing in height. Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is responsible for the division of chondrocytes?

Accepted Answer

Proliferation (growth) zone

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why bones thicken in response to increased muscle activity or added weight?

Accepted Answer

Osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix on the external bone surface

Question 19

Which of the following is a consequence of Paget's disease?

Accepted Answer

Bones grow fast and develop a high ratio of spongy to compact bone

Question 20

Which formula best represents the negative feedback loop controlling blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{Low } [Ca^{2+}]_{blood} ightarrow 	ext{PTH release} ightarrow 	ext{Osteoclast activation} ightarrow 	ext{Increase } [Ca^{2+}]_{blood}$

Bones and Skeletal Tissues: Structure, Function, and Development

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