Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of osteoclasts in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

They digest bone matrix, releasing calcium into the blood.

Question 2

A 12-year-old boy is experiencing rapid growth in height. Which structure in his long bones is primarily responsible for this growth?

Accepted Answer

Epiphyseal plate

Question 3

During endochondral ossification, what is the correct sequence of events?

Accepted Answer

Bone collar formation → Cavitation of hyaline cartilage model → Formation of spongy bone → Diaphysis elongates and medullary cavity forms → Ossification of epiphyses

Question 4

Which hormone is released when blood calcium levels decline, and what is its effect on bone?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); stimulates osteoclast activity

Question 5

A patient with osteoporosis is at increased risk for which type of fracture, and why?

Accepted Answer

Comminuted fracture, because bones become brittle and shatter into multiple pieces

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why bone is considered a dynamic tissue?

Accepted Answer

Bone undergoes constant remodeling through the actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Question 7

A child presents with bowed legs and delayed closure of the epiphyseal plates. Which condition is most likely responsible, and what is a key underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Rickets; vitamin D deficiency

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct description of the difference between compact and spongy bone?

Accepted Answer

Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer of bones; spongy bone is porous and found inside bones.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of the epiphyseal plate in bone growth?

Accepted Answer

It is the site where cartilage cells divide and are replaced by bone, allowing lengthwise growth.

Question 10

A 45-year-old woman has a blood calcium level of $7.5\ \mathrm{mg/dL}$ (normal: $8.5$–$10.5\ \mathrm{mg/dL}$). Which hormonal response is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) to stimulate osteoclast activity

Question 11

Which of the following best explains the process of bone repair after a fracture?

Accepted Answer

Blood clot forms, fibrocartilaginous callus forms, bony callus forms, bone remodeling occurs

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of the periosteum?

Accepted Answer

It covers the outer surface of bone, contains blood vessels and nerves, and provides attachment for tendons and ligaments.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of alkaline phosphatase in bone formation?

Accepted Answer

It is essential for bone mineralization and promotes deposition of calcium salts in the matrix.

Question 14

A 60-year-old man is diagnosed with Paget's disease. Which of the following best characterizes this condition?

Accepted Answer

Excessive bone deposition and resorption, resulting in abnormal bone architecture

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct statement about the organic and inorganic components of bone matrix?

Accepted Answer

Organic components include collagen fibers and proteoglycans; inorganic components include hydroxyapatite crystals.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of the Haversian (central) canal in compact bone?

Accepted Answer

It contains blood vessels and nerves that supply the osteon.

Question 17

A 17-year-old male has stopped growing in height. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

The epiphyseal plates have closed and been replaced by bone.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why a greenstick fracture is more common in children than adults?

Accepted Answer

Children's bones contain more organic matrix, making them more flexible.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes appositional growth of bone?

Accepted Answer

Growth in diameter by addition of new bone to the surface

Question 20

A patient with a fractured femur undergoes bone repair. Which process is responsible for converting the fibrocartilaginous callus into spongy bone?

Accepted Answer

Osteoblast activity

Bones and Skeletal Tissues: Structure, Function, and Development

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