Question 1

Which type of cartilage is most abundant in the human body and provides support in structures such as joints, ribs, and the nose tip?

Accepted Answer

Hyaline cartilage

Question 2

A patient suffers a severe injury to the knee, resulting in loss of tensile strength and cushioning. Which type of cartilage is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Fibrocartilage

Question 3

Appositional growth of cartilage involves which of the following processes?

Accepted Answer

Forming cells in the perichondrium secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage.

Question 4

Which function of bone is directly related to the process of hematopoiesis?

Accepted Answer

Formation of blood cells in red marrow cavities

Question 5

A long bone is characterized by which of the following anatomical features?

Accepted Answer

A shaft (diaphysis) and bone ends (epiphyses)

Question 6

Which membrane covers the outside of compact bone except at joints and contains osteogenic stem cells?

Accepted Answer

Periosteum

Question 7

Which cell type is responsible for bone resorption and is found in depressions called resorption bays?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts

Question 8

If a person becomes anemic, which adaptation occurs in their bone marrow?

Accepted Answer

Yellow marrow converts to red marrow

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the function of osteocytes?

Accepted Answer

Act as stress or strain sensors and communicate with osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Question 10

Which bone marking is a hole or canal in bone that serves as a passageway for blood vessels and nerves?

Accepted Answer

Foramen

Question 11

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between bone mass ($M$), bone density ($\rho$), and bone volume ($V$)?

Accepted Answer

$M = ho 	imes V$

Question 12

A patient with hyperactive osteoclasts is most likely to experience which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

Osteoporosis due to excessive bone breakdown

Question 13

Which structural unit of compact bone is described as an elongated cylinder running parallel to the long axis of bone and consisting of concentric rings of lamellae?

Accepted Answer

Osteon (Haversian system)

Question 14

Which component of bone matrix provides high tensile strength and flexibility?

Accepted Answer

Collagen fibers

Question 15

Which equation best describes the compressive strength ($S_c$) of bone as a function of the amount of calcium phosphate ($C_p$) present?

Accepted Answer

$S_c = k 	imes C_p$

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why circumferential lamellae are important in long bones?

Accepted Answer

They help long bones resist twisting forces.

Question 17

A patient presents with a fracture that reveals a honeycomb of small, needle-like pieces of bone. Which type of bone tissue is most likely involved?

Accepted Answer

Spongy bone (trabecular bone)

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a function of osteocalcin produced by osteoblasts?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of bone resorption

Question 19

Which process allows nutrients and signals to be communicated between osteocytes in an osteon?

Accepted Answer

Transport via canaliculi and gap junctions

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of sacrificial bonds in organic bone molecules?

Accepted Answer

They stretch and break to dissipate energy and prevent fractures.

Bones and Skeletal Tissues: Structure, Types, and Functions

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