Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary difference between compact bone and spongy bone in terms of structure and location?

Accepted Answer

Compact bone is composed of osteons and forms the dense outer layer of bones, while spongy bone is made of trabeculae and is found mainly in the epiphyses and inside flat bones.

Question 2

A patient presents with elevated blood calcium levels. Which hormone is most likely to be secreted in response, and what is its effect on bone?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin; inhibits osteoclast activity and promotes calcium deposition in bone.

Question 3

Which of the following bones is formed primarily through intramembranous ossification?

Accepted Answer

Parietal bone of the skull

Question 4

A 7-year-old child is diagnosed with pituitary dwarfism. Which of the following best explains the underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Deficiency of growth hormone during childhood, leading to proportionate short stature

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the function of articular cartilage and its tissue type?

Accepted Answer

It is made of hyaline cartilage and reduces friction at joint surfaces.

Question 6

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in endochondral ossification?

Accepted Answer

Osteoblasts form bone collar → cartilage calcifies → periosteal bud invades → secondary ossification centers form

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of osteoclasts in bone remodeling?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts break down bone matrix, releasing calcium into the blood.

Question 8

Which of the following equations correctly represents the chemical composition of hydroxyapatite, the main inorganic component of bone matrix?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{Ca_{10}(PO_4$)_6(OH)_2}$$

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why osteoporosis is more common in postmenopausal women?

Accepted Answer

Decreased estrogen levels reduce inhibition of osteoclast activity, leading to increased bone resorption.

Question 10

Which of the following joints is classified as a synovial hinge joint and allows primarily flexion and extension?

Accepted Answer

Knee joint

Question 11

A patient is unable to abduct their arm at the shoulder. Which movement is impaired, and which anatomical plane does this movement occur in?

Accepted Answer

Abduction; frontal (coronal) plane

Question 12

Which three organ systems are primarily responsible for maintaining normal blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

Skeletal, digestive, and urinary systems

Question 13

Which part of the hip bone do you sit on when seated?

Accepted Answer

Ischial tuberosity

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the difference between red and yellow bone marrow?

Accepted Answer

Red marrow produces blood cells and is more abundant in children; yellow marrow stores fat and increases with age.

Question 15

Which of the following is the functional unit of compact bone?

Accepted Answer

Osteon (Haversian system)

Question 16

A 60-year-old patient is diagnosed with osteoarthritis. Which of the following best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

Degeneration of articular cartilage leading to joint pain and stiffness

Question 17

Which of the following correctly matches the bone with its articulation?

Accepted Answer

The ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae and the sternum.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains the difference between male and female pelvises?

Accepted Answer

The female pelvis has a larger pelvic inlet and a wider subpubic angle.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes appositional bone growth?

Accepted Answer

Growth in diameter by addition of new bone tissue at the periosteum

Question 20

A newborn's skull contains fontanels. What is the primary function of these structures?

Accepted Answer

To allow for rapid brain growth and flexibility during birth

Bones, Bone Structure, and Joints: Study Guide for BIOL 237 Exam 2

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