Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between anabolism and catabolism, using acetyl-CoA as an example?

Accepted Answer

Anabolism uses acetyl-CoA to build larger molecules like fatty acids, while catabolism uses acetyl-CoA as an intermediate in breaking down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins for energy.

Question 2

Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the regulation of metabolic pathways at the cellular level?

Accepted Answer

Enzyme regulation through changes in enzyme concentration and activity.

Question 3

After digestion and absorption, which form do carbohydrates primarily take in the blood, and what are their possible cellular fates?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates circulate as glucose and can be used for catabolism (energy production), anabolism (glycogen synthesis), or storage as fat.

Question 4

Which process occurs in the liver to convert toxic ammonia into a less harmful substance during protein metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Ammonia is converted to urea in the liver.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the transport and utilization of lipids in the body?

Accepted Answer

Lipids are transported in blood as lipoproteins, triglycerides are broken down by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) into fatty acids and glycerol, which can be used for energy or stored.

Question 6

Which equation best represents energy balance in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Energy input = Work performed + Heat released

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a major category of energy-requiring cellular work?

Accepted Answer

Electrical work, such as generating action potentials

Question 8

Which factor does NOT influence basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

Accepted Answer

Physical activity

Question 9

A patient is in negative energy balance. Which of the following is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Body weight decreases and macromolecules are broken down for energy.

Question 10

Which metabolic process is dominant during the postabsorptive state?

Accepted Answer

Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Question 11

During insulin secretion, which sequence of cellular events occurs in pancreatic beta cells?

Accepted Answer

GLUT2 transports glucose → ATP production increases → K⁺ channels close → depolarization → Ca²⁺ influx → exocytosis

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a major metabolic action of insulin?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates lipolysis in adipose tissue

Question 13

Which hormone acts as an antagonist to insulin during the postabsorptive state, and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon; increases blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver

Question 14

Which equation best represents the negative feedback regulation of blood glucose by insulin and glucagon?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Blood glucose} \xrightarrow{	ext{increase}} 	ext{Insulin secretion} \xrightarrow{	ext{decrease}} 	ext{Blood glucose}$$

Question 15

Which of the following is a primary metabolic defect in Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to lack of insulin production

Question 16

Chronic hyperglycemia can lead to which of the following adverse consequences?

Accepted Answer

Glucosuria, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, ketoacidosis, and CNS effects

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamus in thermoregulation?

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamus detects changes in core body temperature via central and peripheral thermoreceptors and initiates responses to maintain homeostasis.

Question 18

Which mechanism of heat transfer is most effective when a person is sweating in a hot environment?

Accepted Answer

Evaporation

Question 19

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating hypertrophy and hyperplasia during human growth?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone (GH)

BSC 2086 – Endocrine System: Regulation of Energy Metabolism and Growth – Guided Study Notes

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