Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of osteoclasts in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

They break down bone matrix, releasing calcium into the blood.

Question 2

A patient suffers a fracture in the diaphysis of the femur. Which type of bone marrow is most likely to be found in this region in a healthy adult?

Accepted Answer

Yellow bone marrow, primarily composed of adipose tissue.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

It stores and releases calcium ions necessary for muscle contraction.

Question 4

During the process of muscle contraction, which event occurs immediately after acetylcholine binds to receptors on the motor end plate?

Accepted Answer

An action potential is generated along the sarcolemma.

Question 5

Which equation correctly represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential ($$E_{ion}) $$for a monovalent ion across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$E_{ion} = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[ion]_{outside}}{[ion]_{inside}} \right)$$

Question 6

A patient is diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, a disease that damages myelin sheaths in the CNS. Which of the following best explains how this affects nerve conduction?

Accepted Answer

It disrupts saltatory conduction, slowing or blocking nerve impulses.

Question 7

Which of the following structures is responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Choroid plexus

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the function of the sodium-potassium pump ($$Na^+/K^+$$ ATPase) in maintaining the resting membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

It actively transports 3 $$Na^+$$ ions out and 2 $$K^+$$ ions into the cell, maintaining a negative resting potential.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal muscle system?

Accepted Answer

Storage of calcium ions

Question 10

A patient presents with a loss of sensation and motor function below the level of a spinal cord injury. Which anatomical structure is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Anterior and lateral columns of the spinal cord

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between compact and spongy bone?

Accepted Answer

Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer of bones; spongy bone is porous and found at the ends of long bones.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction?

Accepted Answer

It binds to receptors on the sarcolemma, initiating an action potential in the muscle fiber.

Question 13

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events during an action potential in a neuron?

Accepted Answer

Depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of the meninges?

Accepted Answer

They protect the brain and spinal cord by providing structural support and a barrier against infection.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a muscle and its primary action?

Accepted Answer

Deltoid – abduction of the arm

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of the gray matter in the spinal cord?

Accepted Answer

It contains neuron cell bodies and is involved in processing and integration of information.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why the resting membrane potential is typically negative?

Accepted Answer

There is a greater permeability to $$K^+$$ ions than $$Na^+$$ ions, leading to more positive charge leaving the cell.

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct order of the three meningeal layers from superficial to deep?

Accepted Answer

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Question 19

A patient is unable to abduct their arm at the shoulder joint. Which muscle is most likely paralyzed?

Accepted Answer

Deltoid

Question 20

Which of the following best describes saltatory conduction in myelinated axons?

Accepted Answer

Action potentials jump from one node of Ranvier to the next, increasing conduction speed.

BSC2085 Final Exam Review: Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes

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