Question 1

Which nerve is primarily responsible for extension of the canine elbow joint, and what clinical deficit would you expect if this nerve is damaged?

Accepted Answer

The radial nerve; inability to extend the elbow and bear weight on the limb

Question 2

A horse presents with laryngeal hemiplegia. Which muscle is most affected, and what is the anatomical basis for this condition?

Accepted Answer

m. cricoarytenoideus dorsalis; paralysis due to damage of the recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 3

During a low palmar (4-point) nerve block in a horse, anesthetic is injected at which location, and which region is expected to be desensitized?

Accepted Answer

At the level of the proximal sesamoid bones; entire foot distal to the fetlock

Question 4

Which structure passes through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm?

Accepted Answer

Esophagus

Question 5

A dog is unable to extend its stifle joint and cannot bear weight on the limb. Which nerve is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Femoral nerve

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the difference between a fibroelastic and a musculocavernous penis, and which species is an example of each?

Accepted Answer

Fibroelastic penis has limited erectile tissue and is found in bulls; musculocavernous penis has abundant erectile tissue and is found in stallions

Question 7

Which cranial nerve provides motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression, and what is its number?

Accepted Answer

Facial nerve; VII

Question 8

A veterinarian palpates the superficial cervical lymph node in a dog. Where is this node located, and what region does it drain?

Accepted Answer

Cranial to the shoulder joint, deep to the omotransversarius muscle; drains the skin of the neck and proximal forelimb

Question 9

Which ligament attaches from the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae to the axis and supports the head and neck in large animals?

Accepted Answer

Nuchal ligament

Question 10

In the canine heart, which valve prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium during ventricular contraction?

Accepted Answer

Right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve

Question 11

Which anatomical feature is unique to the equine nasal cavity and must be avoided during nasogastric intubation to prevent trauma?

Accepted Answer

Nasal diverticulum

Question 12

A cow presents with swelling at the base of the horn. Which sinus is most likely involved, and what is the anatomical extension into the horn called?

Accepted Answer

Frontal sinus; cornual diverticulum

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the 'two neuron chain' of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

A preganglionic neuron synapses with a postganglionic neuron in a ganglion before reaching the target organ

Question 14

Which structure is palpable on the lateral aspect of the equine metacarpus and is a remnant of the lateral splint bone?

Accepted Answer

Button of metacarpal IV

Question 15

Which muscle forms the main component of the common calcaneal tendon in the dog?

Accepted Answer

Gastrocnemius

Question 16

Which of the following is the correct order of the ruminant forestomach compartments from cranial to caudal?

Accepted Answer

Reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum

Question 17

Which cranial nerve is responsible for taste sensation on the rostral two-thirds of the tongue?

Accepted Answer

Facial nerve (VII)

Question 18

A horse is unable to extend its hock and flex its stifle simultaneously due to injury of which structure, and what is the name of this anatomical mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Fibularis tertius; reciprocal apparatus

Question 19

Which of the following arteries is a direct branch of the abdominal aorta and supplies the small intestine in the dog?

Accepted Answer

Cranial mesenteric artery

Question 20

Which anatomical structure forms the boundary between the glandular and non-glandular regions of the equine stomach?

Accepted Answer

Margo plicatus

Capstone I Anatomy Exam Study Guidance

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