$EF = \dfrac{SV}{EDV} \times 100$

Question 1

Which structure is responsible for separating the heart from other thoracic organs and provides a protective enclosure?

Accepted Answer

Pericardium

Question 2

A patient presents with fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity, leading to impaired heart function. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac tamponade

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the function of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

They allow rapid transmission of electrical impulses between cardiac cells.

Question 4

During the cardiac cycle, which event is responsible for the first heart sound (S1)?

Accepted Answer

Closure of the AV valves

Question 5

A patient with mitral valve prolapse is most likely to experience which abnormal heart sound?

Accepted Answer

A systolic murmur

Question 6

Which of the following is the correct sequence of electrical conduction in the heart?

Accepted Answer

SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers

Question 7

Which phase of the ECG corresponds to ventricular depolarization?

Accepted Answer

QRS complex

Question 8

What is the primary difference between calcium channels in cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac muscle relies on extracellular calcium influx for contraction.

Question 9

Which hormone is released in response to increased atrial stretch and acts to reduce blood volume and pressure?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 10

A patient’s blood test shows elevated troponin levels. What does this most likely indicate?

Accepted Answer

Acute myocardial infarction

Question 11

Which of the following best describes cardiac output ($CO$)?

Accepted Answer

$CO = HR 	imes SV$

Question 12

If a patient has a stroke volume ($SV$) of 70 mL and a heart rate ($HR$) of 80 beats per minute, what is their cardiac output ($CO$)?

$CO = HR 	imes SV$

Accepted Answer

$CO = 5600$ mL/min

Question 13

Which of the following is a risk factor for developing coronary artery disease (CAD)?

Accepted Answer

High LDL cholesterol

Question 14

Which of the following best describes ejection fraction ($EF$)?

Accepted Answer

$EF = \dfrac{SV}{EDV} 	imes 100$

Question 15

A patient has an end-diastolic volume ($EDV$) of 120 mL and a stroke volume ($SV$) of 72 mL. What is their ejection fraction ($EF$)?

$EF = \dfrac{SV}{EDV} 	imes 100$

Accepted Answer

$EF = 60\%$

Question 16

Which of the following statements about preload is correct?

Accepted Answer

Preload is the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole.

Question 17

Which event occurs during the T wave of an ECG?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular repolarization

Question 18

A patient with aortic stenosis is most likely to have which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Syncope and chest pain during exertion

Question 19

Which of the following best explains the Frank-Starling law of the heart?

Accepted Answer

The greater the stretch of cardiac muscle fibers, the greater the force of contraction.

Question 20

Which of the following is the correct interpretation of the QRS complex on an ECG?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular depolarization

Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology: Study Notes

Study Guide - Practice Questions