$$CO = 70 \times 80 = 5600 mL/$$min

$$CO = 60 \times 90 = 5400 mL/$$min

Question 1

Which of the following best defines cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

Question 2

Cardiac output ($$CO) is $$calculated using which formula?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = SV 	imes HR$$

Question 3

A patient has a stroke volume ($$SV) of 70 mL $$and a heart rate ($$HR) of 80 $$beats per minute. What is their cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 70 	imes 80 = 5600 mL/$$min

Question 4

Which of the following factors directly increases stroke volume?

Accepted Answer

Increased contractility

Question 5

Which scenario would most likely decrease stroke volume?

Accepted Answer

Decreased blood volume

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects regulation of stroke volume?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory rate

Question 7

During exercise, which change is most likely to occur in the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increase in heart rate and stroke volume

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the effect of increased afterload on stroke volume?

Accepted Answer

Stroke volume decreases because the heart must work harder to eject blood.

Question 9

Which nervous system division primarily increases heart rate during stress?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 10

Which hormone released during the 'fight or flight' response increases heart rate?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 11

A patient is experiencing bradycardia (slow heart rate). Which of the following could be a cause?

Accepted Answer

Increased parasympathetic stimulation

Question 12

Which of the following would most likely increase heart rate?

Accepted Answer

Release of norepinephrine

Question 13

Which factor is most likely to decrease heart rate?

Accepted Answer

Increased parasympathetic activity

Question 14

A patient with hypertension has increased afterload. What is the most likely effect on their cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac output decreases because stroke volume is reduced.

Question 15

Which of the following is a direct effect of increased preload on the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increased stroke volume

Question 16

If a patient has a heart rate of 60 bpm and a stroke volume of 90 mL, what is their cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 60 	imes 90 = 5400 mL/$$min

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the relationship between stroke volume and cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac output increases as stroke volume increases, assuming heart rate is constant.

Question 18

Which of the following would most likely cause a decrease in cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

Decreased contractility

Question 19

A patient is given a drug that increases contractility. What is the expected effect on stroke volume and cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

Stroke volume increases, cardiac output increases.

Question 20

Which of the following is a real-life example of a factor that increases heart rate?

Accepted Answer

Experiencing emotional stress

Cardiac Output, Stroke Volume, and Heart Rate Regulation – Guided Study

Study Guide - Practice Questions