Q: A patient has a heart rate of 80 bpm and a stroke volume of 70 mL. What is their cardiac output? Use the formula $$CO = SV \times HR.$$

$$CO = 80 \times 70 = 5600\ \text{mL/min}$$

Question 1

Which structure in the Intrinsic Cardiac Conduction System (ICCS) is primarily responsible for initiating the action potential that triggers the heartbeat?

Accepted Answer

SA Node

Question 2

During the cardiac cycle, which event is associated with the closure of the AV valves and the beginning of ventricular systole?

Accepted Answer

Isovolumetric contraction

Question 3

A patient has a heart rate of 80 bpm and a stroke volume of 70 mL. What is their cardiac output? Use the formula $$CO = SV 	imes HR.$$

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 80 	imes 70 = 5600\ 	ext{mL/min}$$

Question 4

Which phase of the pacemaker cell action potential is responsible for the slow depolarization that leads to spontaneous firing?

Accepted Answer

Slow depolarization (Na$$^+ in$$, K$$^+$$ out)

Question 5

Which blood vessel type is primarily responsible for the exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues?

Accepted Answer

Capillaries

Question 6

A patient’s blood test shows a hematocrit of 60%. What does this indicate about their blood?

Accepted Answer

They have an abnormally high percentage of red blood cells.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

It transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Question 8

Which formula correctly represents the reversible binding of oxygen to hemoglobin?

Accepted Answer

$$Hb + 4O_2 \rightarrow Hb(O_2$)_4$$

Question 9

Which white blood cell type is most abundant and acts as the first responder during bacterial infection?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils

Question 10

During hemostasis, which step involves platelets adhering to exposed collagen and forming a temporary plug?

Accepted Answer

Platelet plug formation

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the flow of electrical impulses in the heart’s conduction system?

Accepted Answer

SA Node → AV Node → Bundle of His → Purkinje Fibers

Question 12

Which vessel wall layer is responsible for maintaining blood pressure and contains smooth muscle?

Accepted Answer

Tunica media

Question 13

A patient is experiencing a rapid heart rate due to increased sympathetic nervous system activity. Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for this effect?

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine

Question 14

Which of the following capillary types is most likely to be found in the liver and bone marrow, allowing large molecules and cells to pass through?

Accepted Answer

Sinusoid

Question 15

Which event on the ECG corresponds to ventricular depolarization?

Accepted Answer

QRS complex

Question 16

Which of the following factors would most likely increase stroke volume?

Accepted Answer

Increased contractility

Question 17

Which process restores normal blood flow after a clot is no longer needed?

Accepted Answer

Fibrinolysis

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of plasma proteins in blood?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining fluid volume

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why the heart cannot undergo tetany?

Accepted Answer

The heart has a prolonged refractory period.

Question 20

A patient with a deficiency in vitamin K would most likely have problems with which phase of hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Coagulation (clotting cascade)

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