Question 1

A patient presents with a sudden drop in blood pressure after a severe hemorrhage. Which of the following best explains the immediate physiological response to restore blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Activation of the baroreceptor reflex resulting in increased heart rate and vasoconstriction

Question 2

Which equation correctly relates mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO), and total peripheral resistance (TPR)?

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = CO 	imes TPR$$

Question 3

A drug causes arteriolar vasodilation. What is the expected effect on capillary hydrostatic pressure and filtration?

Accepted Answer

Capillary hydrostatic pressure increases, leading to increased filtration

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the Starling forces that determine fluid movement across capillaries?

Accepted Answer

The balance between hydrostatic and osmotic pressures inside and outside the capillary

Question 5

A patient with severe liver disease has low plasma protein levels. What is the most likely consequence regarding capillary exchange?

Accepted Answer

Decreased plasma oncotic pressure leading to increased edema formation

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why blood flow velocity is lowest in the capillaries?

Accepted Answer

The total cross-sectional area of capillaries is greatest

Question 7

A patient is given a drug that blocks angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). What is the expected effect on blood pressure and why?

Accepted Answer

Blood pressure decreases due to reduced formation of angiotensin II and decreased vasoconstriction

Question 8

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the cardiac cycle?

Accepted Answer

Atrial contraction, ventricular contraction, ventricular relaxation, atrial relaxation

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the Frank-Starling law of the heart?

Accepted Answer

The greater the end-diastolic volume, the greater the force of contraction

Question 10

A patient with chronic hypertension has increased afterload. What is the expected effect on stroke volume, assuming all other factors remain constant?

Accepted Answer

Stroke volume decreases

Question 11

Which of the following equations correctly calculates cardiac output (CO)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 12

A patient is dehydrated, resulting in decreased blood volume. Which of the following is the most immediate compensatory mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate via baroreceptor reflex

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of aldosterone in fluid and electrolyte balance?

Accepted Answer

It increases sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron

Question 14

A patient with metabolic acidosis is likely to have which of the following compensatory responses?

Accepted Answer

Increased respiratory rate to decrease $$CO_2$$

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why edema develops in heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Increased venous pressure raises capillary hydrostatic pressure, promoting fluid movement into the interstitial space

Question 16

Which of the following is a direct effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Increased water reabsorption in the collecting ducts

Question 17

A patient with a plasma sodium concentration of 130 mEq/L (normal: 135-145 mEq/L) is given hypertonic saline. What is the expected effect on cell volume?

Accepted Answer

Cells will shrink due to water moving out

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the effect of increased sympathetic stimulation on the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate and increased force of contraction

Question 19

Which of the following is the primary function of the loop of Henle in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

To create a concentration gradient in the medulla for water reabsorption

Cardiovascular, Blood, Kidney, and Fluid & Electrolyte Physiology: Study Guide

Study Guide - Practice Questions

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