Question 1

Which of the following best explains why arterioles are considered the primary site of peripheral resistance in the circulatory system?

Accepted Answer

They possess a thick layer of smooth muscle that can constrict or dilate, significantly altering vessel diameter and resistance.

Question 2

A patient experiences a severe hemorrhage. Which of the following physiological responses would most likely occur to help maintain blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Activation of the baroreceptor reflex leading to increased sympathetic nervous system activity

Question 3

According to the equation $$F = \frac{\Delta P}{R}$$, if the pressure difference ($$\Delta P) $$across a vessel doubles and resistance ($$R) $$remains constant, what happens to the flow ($$F$$)?

Accepted Answer

Flow doubles.

Question 4

Which of the following changes would most likely increase net filtration pressure at a capillary bed, leading to edema?

Accepted Answer

Decreased plasma osmotic pressure

Question 5

Atherosclerosis can lead to increased blood pressure primarily because:

Accepted Answer

It narrows arterial lumens, increasing peripheral resistance.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes a key structural difference between lymphatic capillaries and blood capillaries?

Accepted Answer

Lymphatic capillaries are closed-ended and have overlapping endothelial cells that act as one-way valves.

Question 7

If lymphatic flow is obstructed, which of the following is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Edema due to accumulation of interstitial fluid

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a function of lymph nodes?

Accepted Answer

Production of plasma proteins

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of complement proteins in the innate immune response?

Accepted Answer

They form pores in bacterial membranes, leading to cell lysis.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about interferons is correct?

Accepted Answer

Interferons are produced by virus-infected cells and help neighboring cells resist viral infection.

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why fever can be beneficial during an infection?

Accepted Answer

It increases the rate of phagocytosis and inhibits the growth of some pathogens.

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of passive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Receiving antibodies through breast milk

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the pathway of an inhaled air molecule from the nares to the alveoli?

Accepted Answer

Nares → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli

Question 14

Which of the following best explains the importance of surfactant in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

It reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing collapse during exhalation.

Question 15

According to Fick’s Law, which of the following would increase the rate of gas diffusion across the respiratory membrane?

Accepted Answer

Increasing the partial pressure gradient of the gas

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the difference between $$SO_2 ($$oxygen saturation) and $$pO_2 ($$partial pressure of oxygen)?

Accepted Answer

$$SO_2 is $$the percentage of hemoglobin binding sites occupied by oxygen, while $$pO_2 is $$the partial pressure of oxygen dissolved in plasma.

Question 17

A person is hyperventilating. What effect does this have on blood pH, and why?

Accepted Answer

Blood pH increases because $$CO_2$$ levels fall, reducing carbonic acid formation.

Question 18

Which of the following factors would most likely cause an increase in respiratory rate?

Accepted Answer

Hypercapnia (high $$CO_2)$$

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of $$T_H ($$helper T) cells in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

They activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells by releasing cytokines.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the difference between primary and secondary immune responses?

Accepted Answer

The secondary response is faster and stronger due to the presence of memory cells.

Cardiovascular, Immune, and Respiratory Systems: Study Guide for Anatomy & Physiology

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards