Question 1

Which of the following best explains why the heart is described as a 'double pump'?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood simultaneously to the lungs and the systemic circulation, separating oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood.

Question 2

During ventricular systole, which heart valves are open and which are closed, and what is the primary reason for this arrangement?

Accepted Answer

The semilunar valves are open and the atrioventricular valves are closed, due to higher pressure in the ventricles than in the atria.

Question 3

Which phase of the cardiac contractile cell action potential is responsible for preventing tetanus in the heart, and why?

Accepted Answer

The plateau phase, because it prolongs the refractory period and prevents rapid re-stimulation.

Question 4

A patient with a blood pressure of $$120/80$$ mmHg has a mean arterial pressure (MAP) closest to which value? Use the formula $$	ext{MAP} = 	ext{Diastolic Pressure} + \frac{1}{3}(	ext{Systolic Pressure} - 	ext{Diastolic Pressure}).$$

Accepted Answer

$$93$$ mmHg

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the relationship between vessel diameter and peripheral resistance?

Accepted Answer

Peripheral resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of vessel radius: $$R \propto \frac{1}{r^4$}.$$

Question 6

Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure in the blood, and where is it produced?

Accepted Answer

Albumin, produced in the liver.

Question 7

A person with blood type AB+ can safely receive blood from which of the following donors?

Accepted Answer

Any blood type (universal recipient), because they have no anti-A, anti-B, or anti-Rh antibodies.

Question 8

Which leukocyte is most effective against parasitic infections, and what is its primary mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Eosinophils, which release enzymes and toxic proteins to destroy parasites.

Question 9

During hemostasis, which step involves the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, and what enzyme catalyzes this reaction?

Accepted Answer

The coagulation phase, catalyzed by thrombin.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the difference between antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immunity?

Accepted Answer

Antibody-mediated immunity involves B cells producing antibodies, while cell-mediated immunity involves T cells directly attacking infected cells.

Question 11

Which class of T lymphocytes is primarily responsible for activating other immune cells, and what is its main surface marker?

Accepted Answer

Helper T cells (CD4+), which activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells.

Question 12

Which respiratory process is directly responsible for the exchange of gases between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries, and which law explains the movement of gases based on partial pressures?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary gas exchange, explained by Dalton's law.

Question 13

During inspiration, which pressure changes occur in the thoracic cavity?

Accepted Answer

Intrapulmonary pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure, allowing air to flow into the lungs.

Question 14

According to Henry's law, the amount of gas dissolved in plasma is proportional to which factors?

Accepted Answer

The partial pressure of the gas and its solubility in plasma: $$C = kP$$

Question 15

Which hormone released from the anterior pituitary stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids, and what is the primary effect of glucocorticoids?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); glucocorticoids increase blood glucose and suppress inflammation.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes how insulin and glucagon work together to regulate blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Insulin lowers blood glucose by promoting uptake into cells; glucagon raises blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown.

Question 17

Which hormone is released in response to low blood calcium levels, and what is its primary target tissue?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH), targeting bone to increase calcium release.

Question 18

A patient with a deficiency in albumin would most likely experience which of the following symptoms, and why?

Accepted Answer

Edema, due to decreased plasma osmotic pressure and increased fluid leakage into tissues.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains the difference between the development of anti-Rh antibodies and anti-A/anti-B antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Anti-Rh antibodies develop only after exposure to Rh antigen, while anti-A/anti-B antibodies are present from birth.

Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, and Endocrine Systems: Study Guide for Anatomy & Physiology

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