Question 1

A patient presents with an enlarged left ventricle and normal wall thickness, along with symptoms of fatigue and shortness of breath. Echocardiogram shows low ejection fraction. Which of the following best describes the type of hypertrophy and the underlying stimulus?

Accepted Answer

Eccentric hypertrophy due to volume overload

Question 2

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of stroke volume ($$SV) in $$the heart?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = EDV - ESV$$

Question 3

A 70-year-old man with a long history of hypertension develops a thickened left ventricular wall and reduced chamber volume. Which of the following best explains the adaptation of his cardiac muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

Sarcomeres are added in parallel, resulting in thicker cells

Question 4

Which of the following best describes afterload?

Accepted Answer

The pressure the heart must work against to eject blood

Question 5

A patient with aortic regurgitation develops fluid in the lungs. Which of the following best explains why gas exchange is impaired in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

Increased preload leads to pulmonary congestion, reducing the surface area for gas exchange

Question 6

Which of the following is the correct formula for cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = SV 	imes HR$$

Question 7

During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the ventricles fill with blood?

Accepted Answer

Diastole

Question 8

Which of the following changes would most likely increase stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

Increased preload

Question 9

A patient with chronic hypertension is found to have a small left ventricular cavity and thickened walls. What type of heart failure is most likely to develop?

Accepted Answer

Diastolic failure (HFpEF)

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the function of the atrioventricular (AV) valves?

Accepted Answer

To prevent backflow of blood into the atria when the ventricles contract

Question 11

If a patient’s aortic pressure increases from 120 mmHg to 160 mmHg, what is the most likely effect on the left ventricle?

Accepted Answer

Increased afterload and increased wall stress

Question 12

Which of the following statements about hypertrophy is correct?

Accepted Answer

Hypertrophy refers to an increase in cell size

Question 13

Which of the following would most likely decrease cardiac output ($$CO$$), assuming heart rate ($$HR) $$remains constant?

Accepted Answer

Decreased stroke volume ($$SV)$$

Question 14

A patient with volume overload develops eccentric hypertrophy. Which of the following changes is most likely to be observed in the left ventricle?

Accepted Answer

Normal wall thickness and increased chamber size

Question 15

Which of the following best describes preload?

Accepted Answer

The amount of cardiac sarcomere stretch before contraction

Question 16

A patient with systolic heart failure is most likely to have which of the following changes in stroke volume ($$SV) $$and end-systolic volume ($$ESV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV$$ decreases, $$ESV$$ increases

Question 17

Which of the following is a direct effect of increased contractility on the heart?

Accepted Answer

Decreased end-systolic volume ($$ESV)$$

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why concentric hypertrophy can lead to diastolic heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Thickened walls reduce chamber compliance, impairing ventricular filling

Question 19

Which of the following is true regarding the systemic and pulmonary circuits?

Accepted Answer

The left ventricle pumps blood into the systemic circuit

Question 20

A patient with a thick, stiff left ventricle and normal heart size on chest X-ray is most likely to have which of the following findings?

Accepted Answer

Decreased end-diastolic volume ($$EDV)$$

Cardiovascular Physiology: Structure, Function, and Cardiac Adaptations

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