Q: A patient has a heart rate (HR) of 80 beats per minute and a stroke volume (SV) of 65 mL per beat. What is their cardiac output (CO)?

$$CO = SV \times HR = 65\,\text{mL/beat} \times 80\,\text{beats/min} = 5200\,\text{mL/min}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the relationship between blood flow, pressure, and resistance in the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

Blood flow is directly proportional to the pressure gradient and inversely proportional to resistance.

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with polycythemia, a condition characterized by increased red blood cell count. How will this affect blood flow, assuming vessel length and diameter remain constant?

Accepted Answer

Blood flow will decrease due to increased viscosity and resistance.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents stroke volume (SV) in terms of end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV)?

Accepted Answer

SV = EDV - ESV

Question 4

During ventricular systole, which event is responsible for the first heart sound?

Accepted Answer

Closing of the atrioventricular (AV) valves

Question 5

A patient has a heart rate (HR) of 80 beats per minute and a stroke volume (SV) of 65 mL per beat. What is their cardiac output (CO)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = SV 	imes HR = 65\,	ext{mL/beat} 	imes 80\,	ext{beats/min} = 5200\,	ext{mL/min}$$

Question 6

Which of the following would most likely increase mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Accepted Answer

Increased cardiac output and increased peripheral resistance

Question 7

Which structure is responsible for delaying the electrical signal to allow atrial contraction before ventricular contraction?

Accepted Answer

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Question 8

If the diameter of a blood vessel is halved, what happens to the resistance to blood flow, assuming all other factors remain constant?

Accepted Answer

Resistance increases by a factor of sixteen.

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why cardiac muscle cells do not experience tetanus?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac muscle cells have a long refractory period that lasts almost as long as the contraction.

Question 10

Which of the following is true regarding the pacemaker potential in myocardial autorhythmic cells?

Accepted Answer

Funny channels allow sodium to slowly leak in, causing the cell to creep toward threshold.

Question 11

A patient with complete heart block would most likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Disrupted conduction of electrical signals from atria to ventricles

Question 12

Which of the following correctly matches the ECG wave with the corresponding electrical event?

Accepted Answer

T wave: Ventricles repolarize

Question 13

Which of the following mechanisms would most likely increase venous return to the heart during exercise?

Accepted Answer

Skeletal muscle pump activity

Question 14

Which formula represents cardiac output (CO) in terms of stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = SV 	imes HR$$

Question 15

Which of the following would result in a positive inotropic effect on the heart?

Accepted Answer

A chemical that increases contractility and force of contraction

Question 16

A patient’s end-diastolic volume (EDV) is 140 mL and end-systolic volume (ESV) is 60 mL. What is their ejection fraction?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Ejection Fraction} = \frac{SV}{EDV} = \frac{140 - 60}{140} = \frac{80}{140} \approx 57\%$$

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the Frank-Starling law of the heart?

Accepted Answer

The greater the degree of stretch of the ventricles, the greater the stroke volume.

Question 18

Which of the following would most likely occur if the parasympathetic influence on the heart is decreased?

Accepted Answer

Heart rate would increase as the inhibitory effect is reduced.

Question 19

During isovolumic ventricular contraction, which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

Both AV and semilunar valves are closed.

Question 20

Which of the following would most likely decrease stroke volume?

Accepted Answer

Decreased contractility

Cardiovascular Physiology: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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