Q: Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating ejection fraction ($$EF) $$given stroke volume ($$SV) $$and end-diastolic volume ($$EDV$$)?

$$EF = \frac{SV}{EDV} \times 100\%$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between the pulmonary and systemic circuits of the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

The pulmonary circuit carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs and returns oxygen-rich blood to the heart, while the systemic circuit carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body and returns oxygen-poor blood to the heart.

Question 2

Which anatomical structure separates the right and left sides of the heart, preventing the mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood?

Accepted Answer

The interventricular septum

Question 3

A patient presents with chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. Which condition is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

Question 4

During ventricular systole, which valves are open and which are closed?

Accepted Answer

AV valves are closed; semilunar valves are open.

Question 5

Which layer of the heart wall is responsible for the contractile force that pumps blood?

Accepted Answer

Myocardium

Question 6

If the left ventricle fails to pump effectively, which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Decreased oxygen delivery to body tissues

Question 7

Which of the following correctly matches the heart valve with its location?

Accepted Answer

Mitral (bicuspid) valve: between left atrium and left ventricle

Question 8

Which of the following best explains the function of the chordae tendineae?

Accepted Answer

They prevent the atrioventricular valves from inverting into the atria during ventricular contraction.

Question 9

A patient’s ECG shows a heart rate of 120 bpm at rest. Which term best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

Tachycardia

Question 10

Which equation best represents cardiac output ($$CO) in $$terms of heart rate ($$HR) $$and stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 11

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart starting from the vena cava?

Accepted Answer

Vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta

Question 12

Which part of the heart’s conduction system is known as the pacemaker?

Accepted Answer

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of the pericardium?

Accepted Answer

It forms a protective fibrous sac around the heart, reducing friction.

Question 14

A blockage in the left coronary artery would most directly affect which region of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Left ventricle

Question 15

Which heart sound is associated with the closing of the atrioventricular (AV) valves?

Accepted Answer

Lub

Question 16

Which of the following is a direct result of ventricular diastole?

Accepted Answer

Ventricles fill with blood from the atria.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricle wall is thicker than the right ventricle wall?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood with greater force to the entire body.

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating ejection fraction ($$EF) $$given stroke volume ($$SV) $$and end-diastolic volume ($$EDV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$EF = \frac{SV}{EDV} 	imes 100\%$$

Question 19

Which of the following is a common cause of congestive heart failure (CHF)?

Accepted Answer

Chronic hypertension

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle?

Accepted Answer

They allow rapid transmission of electrical impulses between cardiac cells.

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