Q: Which of the following equations correctly calculates cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

$$CO = Stroke\ Volume \times Heart\ Rate$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of red blood cells (RBCs) in the circulatory system?

Accepted Answer

To transport oxygen from the lungs to body tissues

Question 2

A patient with sickle-cell anemia is experiencing a sickling episode. Which structural characteristic of hemoglobin is most responsible for this event?

Accepted Answer

A mutation causing hemoglobin to polymerize under low oxygen conditions

Question 3

Which organ is primarily responsible for regulating the production of red blood cells (erythropoiesis)?

Accepted Answer

The kidney

Question 4

If a person has blood type AB, which antigens are present on their red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Both A and B antigens

Question 5

Which of the following equations correctly calculates cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = Stroke\ Volume 	imes Heart\ Rate$$

Question 6

During the cardiac cycle, which event occurs immediately after the atrioventricular (AV) valves close?

Accepted Answer

Isovolumetric contraction

Question 7

A patient presents with chest pain. Which feature distinguishes myocardial infarction from angina pectoris?

Accepted Answer

Myocardial infarction involves permanent damage to heart tissue

Question 8

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the conduction system of the heart?

Accepted Answer

SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers

Question 9

Which factor would most likely increase heart rate during exercise?

Accepted Answer

Increased sympathetic stimulation

Question 10

Which of the following statements about the left and right ventricular walls is correct?

Accepted Answer

The left ventricular wall is thicker than the right

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of capillaries?

Accepted Answer

To facilitate exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and tissues

Question 12

Which pressure is most significant in driving bulk flow across capillary walls?

Accepted Answer

Hydrostatic pressure of the blood

Question 13

Which hormone increases blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction and stimulating aldosterone release?

Accepted Answer

Angiotensin II

Question 14

Which of the following arteries is classified as an elastic artery and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Aorta; to dampen the pressure fluctuations from the heart

Question 15

A patient’s blood pressure is measured as 120/80 mmHg. What is the pulse pressure?

Accepted Answer

$$Pulse\ Pressure = Systolic\ Pressure - Diastolic\ Pressure = 120 - 80 = 40\ mmHg$$

Question 16

Which of the following factors would most likely decrease tissue perfusion?

Accepted Answer

Decreased cardiac output

Question 17

Which anatomical characteristic is unique to veins compared to arteries?

Accepted Answer

Presence of valves to prevent backflow

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why blood flow through the skin is unique compared to other tissues?

Accepted Answer

It is controlled mainly for thermoregulation

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences blood resistance in vessels?

Accepted Answer

Heart valve structure

Question 20

A patient has a stroke volume of 70 mL and a heart rate of 75 beats per minute. What is their cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

$$Cardiac\ Output = Stroke\ Volume 	imes Heart\ Rate = 70\ mL 	imes 75 = 5250\ mL/min$$

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