$$MAP = 80 + \frac{1}{3} \times (120 - 80) = 93 mm Hg$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the tunica media in blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

It is responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation, thus regulating blood pressure and flow.

Question 2

A patient with liver disease produces very little albumin. How will this affect capillary exchange?

Accepted Answer

It will decrease capillary colloid osmotic pressure, leading to increased filtration and edema.

Question 3

Which equation correctly relates blood flow (F), pressure gradient ($$\Delta P$$), and resistance (R)?

Accepted Answer

$$F = \Delta P / R$$

Question 4

A person stands up quickly and feels dizzy. Which reflex is primarily responsible for restoring blood pressure to the brain?

Accepted Answer

Carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex

Question 5

Which of the following would most likely cause an increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate

Question 6

If a patient has a blood pressure of 120/80 mm Hg, what is their mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = 80 + \frac{1}{3} 	imes (120 - 80) = 93 mm Hg$$

Question 7

Which of the following changes would most effectively decrease peripheral resistance and increase blood flow?

Accepted Answer

Shortening the total vessel length

Question 8

A patient is experiencing hypovolemic shock after severe blood loss. Which of the following is the primary physiological problem?

Accepted Answer

Inadequate blood volume leading to insufficient tissue perfusion

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why veins are called capacitance vessels?

Accepted Answer

They can hold a large volume of blood due to their large lumens and thin walls.

Question 10

Which of the following would most likely result in edema?

Accepted Answer

Blockage of lymphatic vessels

Question 11

Which hormone decreases blood pressure by antagonizing aldosterone and causing decreased blood volume?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 12

During exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increases dramatically. Which local mechanism is primarily responsible for this change?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic autoregulation due to increased CO$$_2$$ and H$$^+$$

Question 13

Which of the following is the correct formula for net filtration pressure (NFP) at a capillary bed?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = (HP_c + OP_i) - (HP_i + OP_c)$$

Question 14

Which of the following would most likely cause turbulent blood flow and increased resistance?

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerotic plaque causing abrupt narrowing

Question 15

A patient with chronic hypertension has adapted baroreceptors. What is the consequence of this adaptation?

Accepted Answer

Baroreceptors become less responsive, failing to trigger corrective reflexes.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of the vasa vasorum?

Accepted Answer

They are small blood vessels that nourish the outer layers of large blood vessels.

Question 17

Which of the following would most likely occur if the precapillary sphincters in a capillary bed are constricted?

Accepted Answer

Blood is shunted through the vascular shunt, bypassing the true capillaries.

Question 18

Which of the following is a direct effect of increased sympathetic stimulation on blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

Vasoconstriction, increasing peripheral resistance

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why capillary blood pressure is much lower than arterial blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

High pressure would rupture fragile capillaries and excessive pressure is not needed for exchange.

Question 20

A patient with a blocked lymphatic vessel in the leg develops swelling. Which mechanism best explains this?

Accepted Answer

Decreased removal of interstitial fluid leads to accumulation (edema).

Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels – Structure, Function, and Regulation

Study Guide - Practice Questions