$$CO = 80 \times 70 = 5600 mL/$$min

Question 1

Which of the following best explains why humans require a cardiovascular system rather than relying solely on diffusion for molecular transport?

Accepted Answer

Diffusion is too slow to meet the metabolic demands of multicellular organisms with large volumes.

Question 2

During the cardiac cycle, what causes the first heart sound ('Lub') that is heard with a stethoscope?

Accepted Answer

Closure of the atrioventricular valves at the beginning of ventricular systole.

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents cardiac output ($$CO) $$and its components?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 4

A patient has a heart rate ($$HR) of 80 $$beats per minute and a stroke volume ($$SV) of 70 mL $$per beat. What is their cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 80 	imes 70 = 5600 mL/$$min

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the function of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles during ventricular systole?

Accepted Answer

They prevent the atrioventricular valves from inverting into the atria.

Question 6

Which heart chamber receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins?

Accepted Answer

Left atrium

Question 7

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the intrinsic cardiac conduction network?

Accepted Answer

The sinoatrial (SA) node initiates the action potential that spreads throughout the heart.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of voltage-gated $$Ca^{2+}$$ channels in pacemaker cells?

Accepted Answer

They are responsible for the rapid depolarization phase of the pacemaker action potential.

Question 9

Which of the following equations correctly represents stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = EDV - ESV$$

Question 10

A patient has an end-diastolic volume ($$EDV) of 120 mL $$and an end-systolic volume ($$ESV) of 50 mL. $$What is their stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = 120 - 50 = 70 mL$$

Question 11

Which of the following factors would most likely increase resistance in a blood vessel?

Accepted Answer

Increasing vessel length

Question 12

Why is blood velocity lowest in capillaries compared to arteries and veins?

Accepted Answer

Capillaries have the highest total cross-sectional surface area, slowing blood flow for efficient diffusion.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about blood is correct?

Accepted Answer

Blood is a connective tissue composed of plasma (matrix) and formed elements (cells).

Question 14

What is the primary function of erythrocytes (red blood cells)?

Accepted Answer

Transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of hematopoiesis?

Accepted Answer

Formation of blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow.

Question 16

A patient with anemia would most likely have which of the following hematocrit values?

Accepted Answer

Lower than normal percentage of erythrocytes in blood.

Question 17

Which of the following is TRUE regarding sickle cell anemia?

Accepted Answer

It is caused by a mutation in hemoglobin, leading to misshapen red blood cells that can block capillaries.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of platelets in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

They form a temporary plug at the site of injury and initiate the formation of a blood clot.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about fibrinogen and fibrin is correct?

Accepted Answer

Fibrinogen is a soluble plasma protein that is converted to insoluble fibrin during blood clotting.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains the Frank-Starling Law of the heart?

Accepted Answer

The greater the end-diastolic volume ($$EDV$$), the greater the force of contraction and stroke volume ($$SV).$$

Cardiovascular System, Cardiac Cycle, Blood Vessel Dynamics, and Blood Overview – Step-by-Step Study Guidance

Study Guide - Practice Questions