Q: During strenuous exercise, a person’s heart rate increases to 180 beats/min and cardiac output reaches 40 L/min. What is the stroke volume under these conditions? Use the formula $\text{Cardiac Output} = \text{Heart Rate} \times \text{Stroke Volume}$.

$\text{Stroke Volume} = \frac{40,000\ \text{mL/min}}{180\ \text{beats/min}} = 222\ \text{mL}$

Q: If a patient’s mean arterial pressure (MAP) is 100 mmHg, systolic pressure is 130 mmHg, and diastolic pressure is 70 mmHg, which formula correctly calculates MAP?

$\text{MAP} = \text{Diastolic Pressure} + \frac{1}{3}(\text{Systolic Pressure} - \text{Diastolic Pressure})$

Q: Which of the following is the correct relationship between blood flow, pressure gradient, and resistance?

$\text{Flow} = \frac{\Delta P}{\text{Resistance}}$

Question 1

Which structure in the heart is primarily responsible for initiating the electrical impulse that triggers each heartbeat?

Accepted Answer

SA node

Question 2

A patient’s ECG shows a regular rhythm but a heart rate of 45 beats per minute. Which term best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

Bradycardia

Question 3

Which of the following best explains the Frank-Starling law of the heart?

Accepted Answer

The heart contracts with greater force when the end-diastolic volume increases.

Question 4

During strenuous exercise, a person’s heart rate increases to 180 beats/min and cardiac output reaches 40 L/min. What is the stroke volume under these conditions? Use the formula $	ext{Cardiac Output} = 	ext{Heart Rate} 	imes 	ext{Stroke Volume}$.

Accepted Answer

$	ext{Stroke Volume} = \frac{40,000\ 	ext{mL/min}}{180\ 	ext{beats/min}} = 222\ 	ext{mL}$

Question 5

Which of the following factors would most likely decrease stroke volume?

Accepted Answer

Decreased end-diastolic volume

Question 6

Which component of the ECG corresponds to ventricular depolarization?

Accepted Answer

QRS complex

Question 7

If a patient’s mean arterial pressure (MAP) is 100 mmHg, systolic pressure is 130 mmHg, and diastolic pressure is 70 mmHg, which formula correctly calculates MAP?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{MAP} = 	ext{Diastolic Pressure} + \frac{1}{3}(	ext{Systolic Pressure} - 	ext{Diastolic Pressure})$

Question 8

Which of the following would most likely increase cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

Increased venous return

Question 9

Which of the following is the correct relationship between blood flow, pressure gradient, and resistance?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{Flow} = \frac{\Delta P}{	ext{Resistance}}$

Question 10

A patient has a blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg. What is the pulse pressure?

Accepted Answer

$40\ 	ext{mmHg}$

Question 11

Which of the following mechanisms aids venous return to the heart?

Accepted Answer

Skeletal muscle pump

Question 12

Which neurotransmitter is released by the sympathetic nervous system to increase heart rate?

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine

Question 13

Which of the following would most likely result from increased afterload?

Accepted Answer

Decreased cardiac output

Question 14

Which part of the cardiac conduction system delays the electrical impulse to allow the atria to contract before the ventricles?

Accepted Answer

AV node

Question 15

Which of the following is a direct effect of increased contractility on the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increased stroke volume

Question 16

Which of the following is true regarding the distribution of blood pressure in the circulatory system?

Accepted Answer

Blood pressure is highest in arteries and lowest in veins.

Question 17

Which of the following would most likely cause a decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Accepted Answer

Decreased total peripheral resistance

Question 18

Which of the following is the primary function of baroreceptors in the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

Detect changes in blood pressure

Question 19

Which of the following would most likely occur if the radius of a blood vessel decreases?

Accepted Answer

Resistance increases

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct statement about the cardiac cycle?

Accepted Answer

It includes both atrial and ventricular contraction and relaxation.

Cardiovascular System: Electrical Conduction, Cardiac Cycle, and Blood Pressure

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