Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the pericardium and the serous fluid within the pericardial cavity?

Accepted Answer

The pericardium protects the heart and the serous fluid reduces friction between the heart and surrounding structures during contraction.

Question 2

A patient has a congenital defect where the foramen ovale fails to close after birth. Which chamber of the heart would be most affected by abnormal blood flow due to this defect?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium

Question 3

Which of the following correctly matches the type of blood carried by the pulmonary circuit?

Accepted Answer

Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

Question 4

Which equation correctly calculates Cardiac Output ($$CO) $$given Stroke Volume ($$SV) $$and Heart Rate ($$HR$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = SV 	imes HR$$

Question 5

A patient has an End Diastolic Volume ($$EDV) of 120 mL $$and an End Systolic Volume ($$ESV) of 50 mL. $$What is their Stroke Volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = EDV - ESV = 120\,mL - 50\,mL = 70\,mL$$

Question 6

Which of the following best explains the significance of the extended refractory period in cardiac muscle compared to skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

It prevents tetanus in the heart, ensuring rhythmic contractions.

Question 7

Which structure is referred to as the 'pacemaker' of the heart and why?

Accepted Answer

The sinoatrial (SA) node, because it generates spontaneous action potentials at the highest frequency.

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the spread of an action potential through the heart’s conduction system?

Accepted Answer

SA node → AV node → bundle of His → bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the QRS complex in an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

Accepted Answer

It represents ventricular depolarization.

Question 10

During the cardiac cycle, what causes the 'lup' and 'dub' heart sounds?

Accepted Answer

'Lup' is caused by closure of the AV valves; 'dub' is caused by closure of the semilunar valves.

Question 11

Which formula correctly calculates Mean Arterial Pressure ($$MAP) $$given systolic ($$SP) $$and diastolic ($$DP) $$pressures?

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = DP + \frac{1}{3}(SP - DP)$$

Question 12

A patient has a blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg. What is their pulse pressure?

Accepted Answer

$$Pulse\ Pressure = SP - DP = 120\,mmHg - 80\,mmHg = 40\,mmHg$$

Question 13

Which of the following factors has the greatest effect on peripheral resistance in blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

Vessel radius

Question 14

Which equation correctly calculates Net Filtration Pressure ($$NFP) in a $$capillary?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = HP - COP$$

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of venous valves?

Accepted Answer

They prevent backflow of blood in veins, especially in the limbs.

Question 16

Which hormone increases blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction and stimulating aldosterone release?

Accepted Answer

Angiotensin II

Question 17

During exercise, which of the following best describes the change in blood flow to the skin and skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

Blood flow to both skin and skeletal muscle increases.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct description of an anastomosis?

Accepted Answer

A direct connection between two arteries, two veins, or an artery and a vein.

Question 19

A patient has a stroke volume ($$SV) of 70 mL $$and a heart rate ($$HR) of 75 $$beats per minute. What is their cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = SV 	imes HR = 70\,mL 	imes 75 = 5250\,mL/min$$

Cardiovascular System: Heart and Blood Vessels - Comprehensive Study Guide

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