Q: A patient has an end-diastolic volume ($$EDV) of 120 mL $$and an end-systolic volume ($$ESV) of 50 mL. $$What is their stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

$$SV = EDV - ESV = 70\ \text{mL}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the direction of blood flow in the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

Blood flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure, following a pressure gradient.

Question 2

During the ventricular filling phase of the cardiac cycle, which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the pressures and valve positions?

Accepted Answer

Atrial pressure is higher than ventricular pressure, and the atrioventricular valves are open.

Question 3

Which equation correctly calculates cardiac output ($$CO) $$given heart rate ($$HR) $$and stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 4

A patient has an end-diastolic volume ($$EDV) of 120 mL $$and an end-systolic volume ($$ESV) of 50 mL. $$What is their stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = EDV - ESV = 70\ 	ext{mL}$$

Question 5

Which of the following would most likely cause a heart murmur?

Accepted Answer

Turbulent blood flow due to valve stenosis or regurgitation

Question 6

If a patient has increased arterial blood pressure, which effect would this have on afterload and stroke volume?

Accepted Answer

Afterload increases, leading to decreased stroke volume.

Question 7

Which of the following best defines preload in the context of cardiac physiology?

Accepted Answer

The degree of stretch of the ventricular sarcomeres at the end of diastole

Question 8

Which side of the heart regularly faces a higher afterload, and why?

Accepted Answer

The left side, because it pumps blood into the systemic circuit where resistance is higher.

Question 9

Which of the following equations correctly calculates mean arterial pressure ($$MAP) $$given systolic ($$SP) $$and diastolic ($$DP) $$pressures?

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = DP + \frac{1}{3}(SP - DP)$$

Question 10

A patient is experiencing heart failure. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Decreased stroke volume and cardiac output

Question 11

Which of the following factors would most likely increase peripheral resistance?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood vessel length

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the effect of vasodilation on local perfusion?

Accepted Answer

Vasodilation increases arteriole radius, decreases local resistance, and increases perfusion.

Question 13

Which substance in the blood primarily maintains the colloid osmotic pressure in capillaries?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Question 14

Given the following pressures in a capillary: hydrostatic pressure ($$P_{hyd}) = 35 $$mmHg, colloid osmotic pressure ($$P_{osm}) = 25 $$mmHg, what is the net filtration pressure ($$NFP$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = P_{hyd} - P_{osm} = 10\ 	ext{mmHg}$$

Question 15

Which of the following would most likely result in edema?

Accepted Answer

Increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased colloid osmotic pressure in capillaries

Question 16

Which of the following is a chronotropic agent?

Accepted Answer

A substance that alters the heart rate

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricle achieves a higher maximum pressure than the right ventricle?

Accepted Answer

The left ventricle has a thicker wall and faces higher resistance in the systemic circuit.

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the four phases of the cardiac cycle?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation

Question 19

Which of the following would most likely occur if the precapillary sphincters in a capillary bed were closed?

Accepted Answer

Blood would flow through the thoroughfare channel, bypassing most capillaries.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the effect of sympathetic nervous system activation on cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

It increases cardiac output by releasing norepinephrine.

Cardiovascular System II: Blood Pressure, Cardiac Cycle, and Hemodynamics

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